Industries of specialization of the economy play a key role in the development of the structure of the industrial complex of states and regions. They determine their positions in the territorial division of labor. In this regard, they are also called profiling, having international and interregional significance. Consider further the branches of specialization in Russia.
General information
Industries of specialization of the economic region are determined by the ability to produce certain products in a particular territory in a volume that significantly exceeds the needs of the area. This indicator is achieved due to the historical, natural and other conditions existing in the region. At the same time, the production of products in such quantities is carried out at relatively low labor costs.
Thus, industries of specialization are sectors that produce competitive goods on the foreign market, oriented to export. Their main features are large volumes and efficiency of production capacities, participation in territorialcommodity circulation. At the same time, specialization industries play a key role not only in the process of production and export. They influence the distribution of productive forces. They are the core to which service, auxiliary and other complementary sectors are attracted.
Specifics
Industries of specialization are formed primarily taking into account the region's ability to produce mass products - a product that, with its low cost, would make up a significant share in the total volume. Cheaper products are carried out due to favorable conditions. Of particular importance are the main branches of specialization. They act as region-forming sectors and give the maximum effect.
Each subject of the Russian Federation has its own specialization. It is a complex of specific industries, through which not only the territory's own needs are met, but also the needs of other regions of the country. In some cases, the production scale is so wide that products are also supplied to foreign markets. It should be noted that the branches of specialization are not the only option for the participation of the region in the territorial division of labor resources. Relations between administrative units are also important.
Industries of specialization: types
Classification of production sectors is carried out according to different criteria. For example, there is a division of industries into areas:
- Industrial infrastructure (communications, transport, construction).
- Social sphere (housing and communal services,sports, culture, he althcare, education, etc.).
- Market infrastructure (insurance organizations, banks, exchanges, trade, and so on).
Besides this, there are local specialization branches of industry and agriculture. They have local significance in different territories. Such industries meet needs on an economically justified scale.
Territorial division of labor
There is a certain pattern in this area. With the development of production forces, the number of regions producing products of the same name also increases. At the same time, the share of territories that have been producing these goods for a long time usually decreases with a continuous increase in output.
When considering the importance of natural conditions and resources in the issue of the division of labor, two aspects must be taken into account. First of all, some reserves are not present everywhere. The second aspect is that many natural resources are present in many areas, but efficient development is possible only in certain areas. A number of extractive industries can develop exclusively in those areas where there are large reserves available for use in the current state of productive forces, communications, transport, and so on.
For example, huge deposits of coal in the Tunguska basin are practically not used due to the inaccessibility of the deposit for development. But for the development of the agricultural sector of specialization in the Volga region, the North Caucasus, the Chernozem region, all conditions have been created. Therefore, the cultivation of sunflower and sugar beet is so developed there.
Historical aspect
He is also of no small importance in the territorial distribution of labor. Thus, for example, the old branches of specialization of the Central District and a number of other regions have huge production assets of machine building, textile enterprises, and highly qualified personnel. This objectively necessitates the establishment of interregional cooperation, mutual exchange of products.
Division into groups
It is present in every district complex. In total, three groups are allocated for each region.
The first category includes agricultural industries. They play a leading role in the development of the manufacturing sector. The regions specialize in these industries on a nationwide scale. Due to the more favorable conditions of a particular territory in these sectors, maximum productivity is achieved at the same level of scientific and technical progress with other administrative units.
The second group includes branches of specialization that determine the structure of the economy, the employment of citizens. The category of related sectors is directly dependent on them. However, this does not mean at all that each region should have the entire spectrum of industries that ensure the development of the first group of directions. In most cases, this is not practical. For example, for such industries as tank building, robotics, instrument-making and electronic industries, automotive industry, inter-regional cooperation is more rational andcooperation.
The third group contains directions that produce products for local consumption. At the same time, as a rule, internal resources are used in production.
Development Features
The above groups are interconnected in the production complexes of the regions. However, their ratio varies in accordance with the level of productive forces. For each of them, their own proportions between groups are established. When a disproportion appears, losses occur, and the pace of economic development decreases. This, in turn, has a negative impact on the degree of use of labor resources.
The development of productive forces contributes to the strengthening of territorial ties. The distribution of labor leads to an increase in the production potential of individual regions. Thus, the branches of specialization in Siberia in 1965 produced 6.5% of the total output in the country. In 2000, this figure reached 14.7%.
Industrial infrastructure
It can be classified according to different criteria. The most relevant today is the division by function. Transport is a complex of means of communication, vehicles of all types, technical devices, structures and structures that ensure the movement of goods for various purposes and people. The energy sector acts as a set of networks through which electricity is supplied to consumers. This complex includes self-service units, power substations, power lines. Information communications include:
- Mail message.
- Terrestrial and space communications, including wire, optical, radio communications.
Sewerage and water supply are represented by a set of pipeline communications and special structures through which industries and the population receive water. The development of the entire infrastructure is very fast. In the manufacturing sector, special zones are distinguished:
- Free trade.
- Technical and production.
- Industrial innovation.
- Complex.
- Service.
- Innovative and so on.
Social infrastructure
Industry specialization is formed by:
- Exchange and distribution (insurance, credit, trade).
- Consumer services (housing and communal services, passenger transport, consumer services, communications for the population).
- He alth protection (social security, sanatorium services, he alth care, public support for citizens).
- Formation of scientific outlook and public consciousness (enlightenment, training, education, religion, art).
- Protection of order (government, defense, public organizations).
There are a fairly large number of diverse industries in the social infrastructure. Therefore, in this area there is a problem of their integrated development. The social infrastructure, like other areas, has its own territorial structure. Its elements are represented by levels:
- Federal.
- Regional.
- Local.
Characteristics of elements
Trade is a national economic sector that ensures the turnover, the movement of products from the production to the consumer sphere. This is done at different levels. Trade can be domestic, foreign and international. Housing and communal services is a complex of enterprises, housing stock, farms and services that provide services to the population. In some regions, housing and communal services are involved in servicing industries, supplying them with gas, water, and electricity. He alth care includes social, state, economic and medical measures that are carried out by society and are aimed at improving and protecting the he alth of citizens. The functions of the infrastructure are: treatment and prevention of diseases, maintenance of working capacity. In a general sense, there are private, insurance and public he alth care systems. The tasks of the educational infrastructure include: preschool education, education (primary, secondary and higher), advanced training and retraining. Military support includes: the use of weapons, the planning of hostilities, the mobilization of troops and forces. The infrastructure of this industry applies to both the production and social spheres. Scientific support is presented in the form of a material and technical base for the development of practical and theoretical activities.
Market
This infrastructure contains:
- Logistics and wholesaletrade. They are represented by a complex of institutions for the sale, acquisition, storage and accumulation of goods and funds. It includes: wholesale markets, marketing organizations, refrigerators, warehouses, grocery exchanges, sales and supply offices and bases, etc.
- Financial sector. It is formed by banks and other institutions involved in the circulation of funds, providing loans. This area includes public and private organizations. There should be a rapid exchange of information between these institutions.
- Sports and tourism. This industry includes hotels, travel agencies, boarding houses, camp sites, sports facilities, transport of domestic routes, cultural and entertainment organizations.
- Recreational zones - regions providing comprehensive tourism services.
European part of the country
At present, there are significant differences in the development of the production forces of the Western and Eastern territories. Thus, about 80% of manufacturing enterprises are concentrated in the European part. At the same time, the branches of specialization of the Northern economic region and the eastern part include about 63% of mining plants. This ratio indicates that the European regions are characterized by favorable conditions for increasing production capacity and technical re-equipment. Improvement of any branch of specialization of the Central region can occur with minimal capital investment. Existing sectors will not be subjected to major changes. The significance of the European zone should be increased through the priority development of nuclear energy, mechanical engineering and other areas that determine the technical progress of the entire economic system of the country. Growth in production should occur only through increased productivity with a relative decrease in the consumption of raw materials, fuel, water, materials, electricity.
In the industry of specialization of the Urals, it is inappropriate to allow the expansion of existing and the placement of new water- and energy-intensive industries. Such enterprises are needed in the region to eliminate disproportions and implement structural changes. This will help stabilize the fuel and energy balance. Today, the specialization industries of the Urals and the Far East annually send about 1 billion standard fuel to the European part.
East zone
Its importance for the economy today is very high. In the future, the role of eastern industries will only increase. This is due to the large reserves of timber, gas, oil, coal and other resources, the priority development of water- and energy-intensive manufacturing industries. Particular attention should be paid to the location of the machine-building complex in the eastern part of the country. Territorial ties reveal a disproportion in the distribution of productive forces. If, for example, the branches of specialization of the Urals exchange within their zone, then in the eastern regions external exchange with other zones prevails. In the total export of engineering products within the European territory of delivery abroadaccount for about 18%, and import - about 25%. In the eastern territories, there is a significant discrepancy between the range of manufactured machines and equipment and the direction of the economy of the region. The enterprises of the eastern part are distinguished by their narrow profile. In this regard, only 25% of engineering products are consumed within the zone. 75% is supplied outside of Russia, including 72% in the specialization industry of the Volga region, Central Asia, Kazakhstan.
