Despite the fact that children begin to study the concept of "related words" already in the first grade, high school students do not feel very confident when completing assignments for the selection of related words.
Why?
I'm sure that the difficulties are caused by the inconsistent knowledge of the composition of the word and the insufficient vocabulary of schoolchildren.
I propose an algorithm, using which students can quickly select related words for any part of speech.
First, let's define what is called related words. Related words are lexemes (words) that are close in meaning with the same root, but different prefixes and suffixes.
Example: clan - relative - geek - relatives - give birth - maternity - generic.
All words are close in meaning, have the same root - gender-.
Remember: words that differ only in endings are not related. This is the form of a single word. Example: table - table - table (the ending indicates different cases of the same word).
It should be borne in mind that etymologically related words today can differ significantly in meaning. Examples: space - cosmetics, veteran and veterinarian,long and real. If the etymological meaning of words causes difficulty, you need to refer to the etymological dictionary.
And now we are learning to identify and select related words.
- Change a word to find its stem. Dining room: dining room, in the dining room, no canteens. The basis of the word will be tables-
- Determine what this basis is formed from. The word "canteen" is an adjective derived from the noun table.
- Adding suffixes and prefixes to the root, we form related words:
TABLE - throne -TABLE - table - TABLETOP.
Sometimes it is difficult to determine which root is common to related words. To determine it, we proceed as follows.
- Change the word to define its stem: gathering: no gathering, I'll tell you about the gathering. Basis similar-.
- Trying to change the beginning and end of the word: descent - go, descend, walker, come, leave, coming. The root is -move-.
Now a little theory: in Russian, related words can be formed in the following ways:
- Prefixed (prefixed): peace - truce + truce, move - to + move.
- Suffixal: world - world + ok, world + yane, world + new.
- Prefixally suffixal: peace - bringing + peace + ing, move - in + walking + walking.
- Postfixal: some - some, some, some. In this case, related words form a postfix, which is attached to the whole word.
- Fusion:highly paid - highly paid, fast-dissolving - fast-dissolving.
- Truncation: specialist - specialist, computer - computer.
- Abbreviated: Russian Federation - Russian Federation, ATM - ATM.
- Addition. There are several options here. Whole words can be combined (sofa bed, chair-bed), their parts (steamboat, plane), or part of a word with a whole (milk truck, cement truck).
When forming related words, one should not lose sight of homonymy: the phenomenon when the roots of words, having completely different meanings, sound and are spelled the same. So a series of words: vodka-water-water - is not related to another series: driver - wiring - wires.
