How difficult it is for schoolchildren studying the course of Russian morphology. Our language is so diverse and sometimes complex that not everyone can master it.
For example, the perfect participle is often confused with participle. How to remember once and for all their features and differences, we will consider further.
Definition of gerunds
In order to correctly determine which part of speech is in front of us, you need to know the most basic information about each. First you need to find out what questions they answer. Participles, for example, on the one hand are very similar to verbs (they are formed from them), and therefore they have questions similar to them: “what by doing”, “what by doing”. On the other hand, they are often confused with adverbs. Like them, gerunds can answer the question "how".
For example: The athlete ran without looking back. Two questions can be asked to this word at the same time: running “how” and “what doing”. This is explained by the origin of gerunds: they simultaneously took signs from the adverb and the verb.
Iftalk about grammatical meaning, then everything is simple here. Being similar to verbs, they also denote the action of an object, but not the main one, but an additional one.
For example: Mom was watering the flowers while singing the song.
The main thing my mother did was watering the flowers. But she also sang. However, this is not the main thing, but a secondary action that she did.
Views
All participles are in many ways similar to their fellow participles. Both of them have morphological features similar to the verb. The former are usually divided into the perfect participle and the imperfect participle. Recall that aspect is also a verb feature.
Perfect view answers questions starting with the letter "C": what to do? "go away" (verb) What Did You Do? “arrived” (participle), what did you do? “having eaten” (general participle).
They all have the meaning of an already completed action.
The imperfect form has the opposite meaning - the action is still ongoing, processuality is reflected. For verbs - what does it do? "walking", what did he do? “painted”, in participles - what is he doing? "decisive", gerund - what are you doing? "playing".
As you can see, all these three parts of speech have very similar questions.
Types of gerunds differ in meaning. But they are easy to remember, it is enough to ask a question and determine the presence of the initial letter “C” in it. If we have a perfect participle in front of us, you can easily distinguish it.
Suffixes
As you know, each part of speech has its own characteristics inword formation. A gerund, like an adverb, will never change, has no endings, but actively forms new words with the help of suffixes.
They, in turn, will depend on the species.
Perfect participle will be formed from:
-
Verbs that are in the past tense. The suffixes "v", "shi", "lice" are added to them. For example: Having gathered in a flock, the birds flew south. After writing the letter, I took it to the post office. Bring me a stick, the dog was waiting for the game to continue.
Verbs in the future tense. The suffixes "a" or "ya" are attached to such forms. For example: After reading the newspaper, the father left the room
The imperfect form of participles has a slightly different form:
Present tense verbs plus suffixes "a", "ya". For example: Walking in the park, we admired the beauty of nature. I walked slowly through the city
It is worth remembering that the perfect participle cannot be formed from such verbs that end in "-ch": oven, cherish; "-nut": jump, resort, smell, and also if the stem of the verb ends in hissing: I write, wear, knit.
Analysis of the participle
Knowing all the signs of each part of speech, you can begin to analyze them.
Let's break it down in the following sentence: Be careful while doing your homework.
Fulfilling - gerund.
1. Meaning is an additional action because it answers the question “whatdoing?”
2. Initial form: what to do? Fulfill (the verb that forms it)
3. Permanent signs:
- Unchanging (it has no endings)
- View (determined by the verb that formed it) – imperfect
4. The syntactic function is a circumstance. Included in participial turnover.
Using our advice, as well as an example of parsing, you can easily distinguish gerunds from other parts of speech. The main thing is to carefully understand the rules and strictly follow them.
