One of the independent parts of speech in the Russian language is the Verb. The verb denotes an action, a state of an object. His main questions are: what to do? what to do? This part of speech has many morphological features, on which its place in speech and its syntactic role in the sentence depend. The topic of this article is “Perfect Verbs”, therefore, before talking about them, you need to find out the meaning of their category: aspect. The aspect category is the grammatical category of the verb, it is inherent in all its forms and shows the action in time. The verb "decided" and "decided" are similar in meaning, but grammatically different. Decided - the verb is perfect. kind, it indicates a completed action, that it is completed and limited. Decided - the verb is imperfect. kind and does not contain the limits or completeness of the action. There are two types of verbs in Russian: perfect and imperfect.
Perfect form of the verb
Already by one name - a perfective verb - you can understand that we are talking about an action that has begun, completed, completed or will end. There is a limit, a boundary, a result of action. Therefore, the questions of the perfect form of the verb are: what to do? what did (a) do? what did they do? what are you gonna do?
So, for example: in the past tense
"I have read the book" means: read the whole book to the end;
"I wrote a letter" means: the letter is ready;
"I learned the language" means: I know the language;
"We sang the song" means: to the end.
While the sentences: “I wrote a letter”, “I read a book”, “I sang a song”, “I studied the language”, mean that the action took place, but whether it was completed is unknown.
Verb types differ mainly in meaning and tense forms. Perfective verbs have a past and future simple tense: I did (I do), I wrote (I will write), I played (I will play), I read (I will read), I studied (I will study). The endings in the future simple are the same as in the present tense for imperfect verbs. kind: I read, play.
Verbs imperfect. species have forms present., past. and future difficult time. The sentences "We will build", "We will study" only say that the actions will be performed, but not whether they will be completed. Whereas the sentences “We will build”, “We will study” say that something will be built to the end, will be studied and we will know. This connection of species with different formation of temporary forms leads to errors in using the present tense instead of the future, the future instead of the present.
So, instead of the correct formation of the future tense: I will say, I will go, I will take, I will start, people who do not speak the language mistakenly say: I will say, I will go, I willstart.
Education and species pairs
The initial form of formation of perfective verbs is mainly imperfective verbs. species with the addition of prefixes, suffixes, opposition of suffixes, alternation at the root, movement of stresses, expression of species by different roots, words. Species pairs are formed.
1. Perfective verbs are formed by adding the suffix -nu- to the imperfective verbs: jump-jump, swing-swing. These verbs give meaning to brevity and instantaneity.
Some verbs with the suffix -nu- have the last consonants before the suffix: throw-throw, drown-drown, whisper-whisper. The suffix -nu- in perfective verbs indicates the result, the limit, the completeness of the action (disappear, reach), the one-time action (push, shout, wave), the intense beginning of the action (gush, thunder)
2. Prefixes give the verb the meaning of completeness, without changing the main lexical meaning of the word: write-write, write off; go blind - go blind; to go gray - to go gray; build-build; do-do; grow stronger–strengthen.
But often prefixes give a new lexical meaning to the verb perfect. type: read - reread, read, read up
Prefixes, along with the meaning of completeness, can add other shades to verbs, indicate the relation of action to time. So, the prefix in some verbs introduces the meaning of limited action in time, for example: today I read, worked, took a walk (I read for some time and stopped, for someworked for a while and stopped working, walked for a short time.)
Prefixes za-, po-, when combined with some verbs, add the meaning of the beginning of the action to the word: sing-sing (began to sing); make noise - make noise (began to make noise); fly-fly (began to fly)
For example:
The forest rang, groaned, crackled, the Hare listened and ran away. (N. Nekrasov)
The eagles whistled and squealed even more plaintively. Then the eagle suddenly screamed loudly, spread its wings and flew heavily towards the sea… (L. Tolstoy)
3. Sometimes aspect pairs of verbs are formed from different roots, words: put-put. Remember the words and combinations with which perfective verbs are used: suddenly, unexpectedly, suddenly, once, like, immediately, suddenly, once.
Practice
This is an illustrated text. Find perfective verbs in the text. Explain the difference in the meaning of the verbs perfect. and imperfect. kind.
Hunting
A handsome eagle slowly makes a circle over the sea. His flight is so calm and graceful. Here he stopped for a moment in the air, as if someone was holding him by the thread. Something happened. This predator saw prey in clear water. Suddenly and swiftly, the eagle began to fall down like a stone.
And already at the very water, on the fly, he grabbed his victim with his beak and abruptly rose up. The fish wags its tail, trying to free itself from its beak, but the eagle holds its prey in a stranglehold, not interrupting the flight.
Finally, he found a place to dine away from his rivals. Important, with a proud posture, with fire in his eyes, the eagle settles for a meal.
