Sentence is the basic unit of verbal means of communication, the main subject of the study of syntax. The key semantic and grammatical center of a sentence is considered to be its predicative basis.
The grammatical basis of the sentence and its types
The primary concept of what a grammatical basis is is given to students in elementary school. Predicative units are studied in more detail and deeply when going through the topics “Syntax of a simple sentence” and “Syntax of a complex sentence”. It is then that students learn and learn to distinguish between one- and two-part sentences, complete and incomplete predicative core, understand the means of expressing the subject and predicate.
To determine what the grammatical basis of each individual sentence is, you need to isolate the main members in it and indicate their means of expression. At the same time, it should be remembered that in a one-part sentence, the grammatical basis is represented by only one main member - the subjector predicate. And in the two-part there are both.
One-part sentence
One-part sentences are divided into nominative and verbal. The subject, expressed by a noun or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun, is what the grammatical basis of a nominal sentence is (Here is autumn outside the window; The shadow of the leaves on my curtain).
Verbal-type sentences contain only predicates in their basis. They, in turn, are divided into four (some researchers distinguish three) types: definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal. In each of them, the role of the predicate is played by verbs in the form of a certain person and number. In sentences of the latter type, the role of the predicate is played by the words of the state category (The doorbell rang again and again, without ceasing; It was freezing outside in earnest).
Slightly harder to grasp what the grammatical basis of an incomplete sentence is. It is important to learn to see the missing subject or predicate and restore it from the context. The main confusion occurs with the indistinguishability between one-part and incomplete sentences. For example, in the sentence "Everywhere - puddles and puddles, the recent snow has melted" the first part is incomplete. From the context, we can easily restore the missing predicate - they shine. Thus, in this sentence, the grammatical basis is the subject of "puddle", expressed by the noun, and the omitted, but restored predicate "shine", expressed by the verb inplural, present tense, third person, indicative.
Two-part sentence
In a two-part sentence, the subject is expressed by any independent part of speech in the meaning of a noun or a phrase, including indivisible ones, i.e. phraseological turn. In addition to the noun, the pronoun, adjective and participle, as well as the numeral are most often used as an independent part:
Animals can suffer and cry like humans;
She screamed loudly and waved her arms;
Shower filled with steam;
Arrived at night settled in their places;
How stupid it is to fire cannons at sparrows!
Also, the verb in different forms often acts as a subject: Yawning in the face of the interlocutor is considered a sign of bad taste.
The predicate in a two-part sentence also has different forms of expression, ranging from standard verbs to nominal parts of speech and phrases. It is important to develop in students the so-called syntactic vigilance so that they can easily find and determine the boundaries and type of grammatical basis.
Grammar basis in word formation
The concept of a grammatical basis is inherent not only in syntax, but also in word formation. In word formation, the grammatical basis of a word is a part of a word without an ending. It includes, first of all, the root, and then other components - prefixes, suffixes, postfixes.
Main partthe grammatical basis of the word is the root. It contains the lexical meaning of all cognate words. There is no word as an independent lexical and grammatical unit without a root.
Thus, the term "grammatical basis" in linguistics has many meanings and is realized at several linguistic levels.
