Dysgraphia is a rather peculiar violation of writing. It occurs in both adults and children. Not all parents know the types of dysgraphia and what this disease is characterized by. That is why, faced with a specific violation of the letter, they take it for ordinary mistakes and scold the child for not knowing the rules for writing certain words. It is recommended to familiarize yourself in advance with the features of dysgraphia, which are presented in our article. This will allow to diagnose the violation as early as possible and get rid of it.
General information about dysgraphia and the causes of the disease
Dysgraphia is a specific writing disorder. Most often it occurs in minors. The types of dysgraphia that can occur in children are characterized by problems in mastering writing skills. Such a disease occurs in a child with the normal development of intelligence. Many parents do not immediately realize that their child has a disorder. They often mistake it for an insufficient level.knowledge.
Violation (all types of dysgraphia) does not occur on its own. It may be accompanied by other diseases. These include dyslexia, general underdevelopment of speech or mental retardation. A child with dysgraphia makes the same mistakes. They are due to the incompletely formed higher mental activity that takes part in the process of writing. The types of dysgraphia that occur in children give them many problems, because of which they hardly master written language. It is not easy to teach a child who has this disorder to read.
The exact cause of the disease is difficult to determine. Many factors influence the formation of this disorder. One of them is the uneven development of the cerebral hemispheres. There is an opinion that the types of dysgraphia and dyslexia arise in connection with a genetic predisposition. This disorder also often occurs in children who live in bilingual families.
The following complex causes of the disease are known:
- Low IQ. It is known that in order to learn to read and write, a child must have at least an average level of development. Otherwise, there may be difficulties with the perception of oral speech and remembering the spelling of letters.
- Difficulty with sequencing. In this case, the child cannot understand the correct arrangement of letters in the word. He either writes slowly and correctly, or he writes in a hurry but makes many mistakes.
- Inability to process visualinformation. In this case, it is difficult for the child to read. He cannot quickly analyze what he sees.
Often, types of dysgraphia (neuropsychology speaks of this) occur in children whom parents begin to teach literacy, not paying attention to their psychological unpreparedness. The disorder may develop after a brain injury. The disease may also be congenital. Often, the reasons include the fuzziness and incorrectness of the speech of others.
Different types of dysgraphia errors can also be observed in adults. The disorder may occur after traumatic brain injury, stroke, and certain surgeries.
Dyslexia. General information
In most cases, in addition to dysgraphia, a child develops dyslexia. This disease is characterized by a selective impairment of the ability to master reading and writing skills while maintaining the ability to learn. It has a neurological origin.
Experts recommend that parents test their child for dyslexia before entering school. The signs of this disease include slow reading with a rearrangement of letters. A mandatory visit to a speech therapist is recommended for all children under 6.
Dyslexia, like dysgraphia, occurs due to uneven development of the cerebral hemispheres. Separately, these violations are not formed. There are the following types of dyslexia:
- phonemic;
- semantic;
- agrammatical;
- optical;
- mnestic.
A person who has dyslexia is not difficult to recognize. As a rule, he may have guessing reading, difficulty in retelling, many mistakes in copying, heightened aesthetic taste and irritability. People with dyslexia hold writing instruments in a rather unusual way. If the child has at least one symptom, it is recommended to contact a specialist as soon as possible.
Group of children prone to dysgraphia
The types of dysgraphia listed in our article with examples will allow parents to detect violations in their child as early as possible. It is important to know which children are most at risk of developing the disease.
It is known that dysgraphia often occurs in those children who write with their left hand. However, you should not retrain the left-hander. Children whose left hand is dominant, but they write with their right because of the desire of their parents, also often face dysgraphia. They are at risk.
Children from bilingual families may also face problems. As a rule, it is difficult for them to adapt and thoroughly study at least one of the languages. The likelihood of developing the disease increases if the child has other speech problems.
It is highly likely that a child with phonetic perception disorders will develop dysgraphia. That is why these children are at risk. As a rule, they confuse letters. For example, they write "com" instead of "house". They may also mispronounce words andwrite them down with errors.
Dysgraphia symptoms
Types of dysgraphia in younger students with examples are not known to all parents. Children's doctors rarely talk about this disease. That is why inexperienced parents most often do not know about the existence of such a violation. It's no secret that early diagnosis of any disease allows you to deal with it as soon as possible.
Dysgraphia is characterized by typical and recurring mistakes in the writing process. They are not associated with ignorance of the rules of spelling. Errors are characterized by displacement or replacement of letters. There is a violation of the letter-syllabic structure of the word.
One of the symptoms is illegible handwriting. In this case, the letters have different heights and slopes. They can also be above or below the line.
Some types of dysgraphia and the nature of errors can be recognized by the violation of colloquial speech. It contains the same errors as in the letter. There is a frequent replacement of letters with similar phonetics. Over time, in colloquial speech, the division of words into syllables, and sentences into words can be observed.
The symptoms of dysgraphia also include the presence of new letters in words or the absence of endings. These signs are most common among schoolchildren. There may also be an incorrect declension for cases, genders and numbers. Such signs occur when speech is unformed.
The symptoms of dysgraphia also include adding extra elements to words. A person with this disorder has neurological disorders, low performance and decreased attentiveness. SuchChildren are not good at remembering the information they receive. Mirror spelling of letters may also be observed.
Diagnosis of various types of dysgraphia. Signs of a disease by which you can diagnose it yourself
Determining the type of dysgraphia is a rather difficult process. As a rule, only a specialist can recognize the disease. The sooner it is diagnosed, the easier it will be to get rid of it.
Predisposition to dysgraphia is established in preschoolers 3-5 years old. Most often this happens during a medical examination, which is necessary for admission to a general education institution. You can diagnose an existing, latent or overt disease at absolutely any age.
Diagnosis of dysgraphia is necessary for the selection of treatment and correction. It is necessary to contact a specialist if the child knows all the spelling rules, but nevertheless makes mistakes. Diagnostics will also need to be carried out if the student skips letters when writing or replaces them with others.
Specialists also use speech cards for diagnostics. Thanks to them, it is possible to conduct a comprehensive examination and determine the types of dysgraphia present in the patient according to Lalayeva. In the speech card, you will need to indicate all the data about the child and his development.
There are signs of dysgraphia by which parents can diagnose a violation in a child on their own. It is important to know them. Thanks to this, you can start correcting the disease as early as possible.
As we said earlier, whenIn dysgraphia, the child has a large number of errors. Such children do not distinguish between the following letters:
- "b" and "P";
- "Z" and "E".
They have illegible handwriting. Under dictation, such children write rather slowly. Often parents are unaware that their child has a disorder. They scold him for carelessness and illiteracy. They believe that the problems are related to the unwillingness to learn. Teachers give such students bad grades, and peers scoff. That is why parents are obliged to familiarize themselves with the symptoms of this disorder in advance in order to know what to do if it is present.
It is difficult for a child to cope with the disease. He becomes anxious. Such children begin to withdraw into themselves and skip classes. Reading and writing do not bring them pleasure.
Varieties of dysgraphia
There are several types of dysgraphia. There are five basic types:
- acoustic;
- agrammatical;
- articulatory-acoustic;
- optical;
- motor.
However, there are other varieties of this violation. Most often, experts determine the types of dysgraphia in younger students according to Lalayeva.
R. I. Lalaeva identifies five types of this violation. They were systematized and studied by the department of speech therapy of the RSPU Herzen, where Raisa Ivanovna worked. The Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences identifies the following types of dysgraphia:
- articulatory-acoustic;
- violation of phonemic recognition;
- agrammatical;
- optical;
- violation of language analysis.
This list is the most commonly used by specialists.
Many scientists independently studied and developed types of dysgraphia. However, they are not successful.
Description of types of dysgraphia
Types of dysgraphia according to Lalaeva are used by specialists most often. Our article describes all types developed by the Department of Speech Therapy of the Russian State Pedagogical University.
It is often articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia that occurs in children. In this case, the child writes as he pronounces. It is based on the reflection of incorrect pronunciation in writing. Most often, the child skips letters or replaces them with others. Often, writing errors remain after correcting spoken language.
With articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia, writing errors are not always present. In some cases, the absence of letters and their replacement are observed only in colloquial speech.
Children often replace deaf sounds "P", "T", "Sh" with "B", "D", "F" in written speech. Often replaced by hissing and whistling. In this case, instead of "F", "Sh" the child writes "Z", "S".
Types of dysgraphia with examples, which are described in our article, allow parents and speech therapists to select the most appropriate correction of the violation. Cause of soil diseaseviolations of language analysis and synthesis - difficulty in dividing sentences into words. Children with this dysgraphia also have trouble separating words into syllables and sounds. In this case, the child skips vowels, consonants, and there is also a continuous spelling of words.
Often there is also acoustic dysgraphia (impaired phonemic recognition). This type of violation is characterized by the replacement of letters with ones similar in phonetic features ("forest" - "foxes"). It is worth noting that the pronunciation remains correct. Most often, letters are replaced, denoting the following sounds: ch-t, ch-sh and others.
The acoustic appearance of dysgraphia is manifested in the incorrect designation of the softness of consonants in writing ("letter", "lubit"). In severe cases, distant articulatory and acoustic sounds may be mixed. Types of acoustic dysgraphia are most common in preschool children.
Another type of dysgraphia is agrammatic. It is associated with the underdevelopment of the grammatical structure of speech. This type manifests itself at the level of a word, phrase, sentence or text. In this case, in the written speech of children, there are difficulties in establishing logical and linguistic connections between sentences. Their sequence does not always coincide with the sequence of the described events. There may also be substitutions of suffixes and prefixes ("overwhelmed" - "overwhelmed").
There is also optical dysgraphia. In this case, the child cannot write individual letters. This is due to a misunderstanding of their structure. Every letterconsists of separate elements. A child with optical dysgraphia cannot understand the process of connecting and writing them.
There is also a mixed type of dysgraphia. What is it you can find out in our article. Mixed type dysgraphia is diagnosed if the patient has several types of the disease at once. Getting rid of such a violation is quite difficult. You can't do without the help of a specialist.
Treatment of dysgraphia by a specialist
In some cases, it is pointless to scold a child for mistakes in spelling and colloquial speech. Parents are advised to study in advance what dysgraphia is. It is possible that the mistakes are not related to the unwillingness to learn, but to the violation. In order to get rid of it, you will need to resort to the help of an experienced speech therapist.
The process of correcting dysgraphia takes a long time. However, without it, unfortunately, can not do. Dysgraphia is always associated with the inferior development of one of the brain structures. Often, children are prescribed medication. Unfortunately, pills alone will not fix the situation. The main part of the correction takes place in the classroom with a speech therapist.
It is important enough to provide a child with support. Parents should also be involved in the correction process. It should be noted that most often the violation is detected at the age of 8-10 years. It is during this period that the child can fully analyze what he hears and write it down. You can find various types of exercises to eliminate dysgraphia (grade 5) in our article. Themwill need to be performed regularly with the child at home.
Children with dysgraphia often worry about their problem. They are afraid to make mistakes. That is why they skip classes and avoid doing homework. Parents should treat such a child with understanding and in no case scold him.
In order to start correcting the child, a speech therapist needs to diagnose the disease and determine its type. For this, as we said earlier, a speech card is used by a specialist. It should fill in the gaps in the child's skills.
After undergoing a course of adjustment, the patient needs to undergo rehabilitation treatment. The doctor prescribes physiotherapy, massage, and hydrotherapy.
Children with dysgraphia almost always have good visual memory. Therefore, the error correction exercise is ineffective. The child's skills will not improve. It will just correct errors in the text automatically.
Treatment of dysgraphia should take place in conditions that are comfortable for the child. In the classroom, he should receive only positive emotions. In no case should you raise your voice at him and force him to rewrite the text several times. Such a process can cause dislike and reluctance to record anything.
Speech therapist and parents should never show excessive concern about the disease. Remember to praise your child for every little success.
Exercises to correct dysgraphia and dyslexia
Viewsexercises to eliminate dysgraphia (grade 5) and their implementation is an important step in the process of getting rid of the disorder. It is recommended to work them out with the child daily. Thanks to this, you can get rid of dysgraphia and dyslexia in the shortest possible time.
There are many methods and exercises that allow you to get rid of violations in writing and speaking. Often, experts recommend that a child underline problematic letters.
To eliminate dysgraphia, it is recommended to work with special images. The child is provided with a picture in which the subject and structure of the word is present. First, the student needs to name the object, and then list all the sounds in turn.
Children with dysgraphia and dyslexia are also encouraged to do an exercise, the essence of which is to insert missing letters in words. The child will then need to read the word aloud. Experts also recommend writing dictations as often as possible. Thanks to this, writing skills can be significantly improved.
Many teachers do not know the types of dysgraphia, and their correction in the classroom in general education institutions, as a rule, is not carried out. If a teacher complains about a child's poor performance, which is associated with incorrect reading or spelling of words, parents should pay due attention to this problem and contact a specialist for diagnosis.
To eliminate dysgraphia, children are recommended to train hand motor skills using labyrinths - the child needs to draw a line without interruption. Effectivecontour exercises are considered. In this case, the child needs to cross out the given letter from the bulk text.
Summing up
Dysgraphia is a disease that is characterized by specific disorders in writing. It is almost always accompanied by dyslexia. It is quite difficult to identify these diseases. Often, parents mistake the child's mistakes for unwillingness to learn. Thanks to our article, you found out how many types of dysgraphia stand out in modern speech therapy and how they are characterized. This will allow anyone who wishes to distinguish between impaired writing and speaking and illiteracy.
