What is a paradigm? We will consider the definition of this term a little later, but first let's dwell on history. There are many definitions regarding this concept. We will try to analyze them in more detail.
History Pages
There is such a concept in Plato's dialogue Timaeus. It talks about the fact that God, relying on a paradigm, created the whole world. This word was coined by the Greeks (παράδειγΜα, which means "pattern, example, set of concepts, model"). In this way, they stated that the primary was the thought (idea, a certain image), thanks to which all existing matter was created.
In another dialogue - "Politician" - this famous sage argued that a politician should, like a weaver, create patterns of his power and moral principles. The more threads he weaves into his "product", the more supporters he has among the citizens. At the same time, his authority among ordinary people increases, the chances of gaining respect inthe eyes of admirers. The ancient Greek philosopher, discussing what a paradigm is, connected the definition precisely with politics.
In morphology, the term "paradigm" has two main meanings:
- inflection, scheme, pattern;
- a system of word forms that form one lexeme.
The following types of paradigms are distinguished:
- nominal (declension)/verbal (conjugation);
- complete (general)/private.
Defining the concept of a paradigm in the full case is a kind that implies the presence of a complete set of forms of inflection of a certain category. For example, for a noun, it suggests 12 word forms.
An incomplete paradigm is a form that is characterized by an incomplete set of inflections in any category.
Scientific definition
Let's continue talking about what a paradigm is. The definition of this term can be found in the dictionary. It means the sum of fundamental scientific principles, terms, laws and ideas that are accepted and shared by the scientific world, unite most of its members.
Currently, there are several types of paradigms in the scientific world. Generally accepted is the one that is accepted by the majority of the community, is considered as a way to solve a specific problem.
Individual (subjective, social paradigm) - a definition that concerns the approach to solving a specific problem of the individual, it is associated withmodel of human behavior in various situations and just in life.
They distinguish humanitarian, natural science, practical, sociological variants of this concept.
Let's continue talking about what a paradigm is. The definition depends on the area in question. For example, among the characteristic features of the natural-scientific paradigm, let us single out objective information about the world. It is necessary to constantly increase the amount of knowledge, supplement it with new important facts and discoveries.
In psychology, a popular humanitarian paradigm, the essence of which is not the usual assessment of facts, but their understanding and perception. Particular attention is paid to the spiritual beginning of man. Psychologists are trying not only to study the personality, but also to make changes in the conditions of its existence.
Pedagogy
What is an educational paradigm? The definition of this term can also be found in the dictionary. This is a collection of scientific knowledge, ways of teaching it, as well as the implementation of educational activities aimed at becoming a model for students.
In pedagogical theory, this term is used to characterize the conceptual models of education.
As part of the historical development of the latter and society as an important institution, more than one paradigm has been formed. The definition in education is revealed by their diversity:
- knowledge paradigm (traditionalist, conservative);
- behavioral (rationalistic);
- humanistic (phenomenological);
- humanitarian;
- neo-institutional;
- technocratic;
- learning "by discovery";
- esoteric.
Specificity of educational paradigms
They differ in their approaches to the main goal of education, to understanding its role and significance for public institutions, as well as for shaping the identity of the younger generations.
The traditionalist knowledge paradigm is aimed at transferring to the younger generation the most significant elements of the historical and cultural heritage of all civilization and experience. Such a process is based on a set of skills, knowledge, skills, moral qualities and life values that contribute to individualization. At the heart of such a paradigm is social order, which contributes to the socialization of schoolchildren.
Rationalistic (behavioral) paradigm
It is connected with the provision of skills, knowledge and practical skills for young people in life in society. In such situations, the educational program is translated into a specific language of “measurable units of behavior.”
The main term of this paradigm can be considered the principle: "The school is a factory, the raw material for which are students." The goal of the institution with this approach is to form in students an adaptive "behavioral repertoire" that meets social requirements, norms,requests.
The main methods are: training, individual training, tests, adjustments.
The main disadvantage of this approach can be considered a weak humanistic orientation. The child is only an object of pedagogical influence, his personal freedom is not taken into account, there are no conditions for self-improvement and self-development. Such a model is devoid of independence, individuality, responsibility, creativity.
Humanistic paradigm
The teacher and the student are equal subjects of educational activity. A feature of the paradigm is the main goal of education: the development and alignment of individual educational trajectories for each child. The student receives freedom of choice and speech, optimal conditions are created for the maximum development of his natural inclinations.
Such a paradigm is focused on the spiritual, creative development of the individual, on supporting the self-education of the younger generation.
Consideration of the above paradigms allows us to conclude that at present the transfer of information is carried out taking into account the individuality of each child.
