Science 2024, November

Evening is the world news time. Viewers hear a lot of terms that are not always clear and do not allow you to fully immerse yourself in the essence of the problem. The demographic problem of the country, the difficult demographic situation, the demographic crisis - often these phrases fly out of the mouths of politicians, public figures, sociologists and presenters. In order to understand what is at stake, you need to familiarize yourself with the term demographics

What is glucose fermentation? What are the types of this process? Glucose fermentation reaction and industrial applications

Edmund Halley was a British astronomer and mathematician who first calculated the orbit of a comet later named after him. He is also known for his role in the publication of Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica

Noise is certain sound vibrations. Now every second person not only experiences fatigue every day, but also feels a sharp headache about once a week. What is it really about?

In the second half of the 19th century, physical views on the nature of the propagation of light and some other phenomena more and more clearly began to encounter difficulties. They were connected with the ethereal concept dominating in science. To resolve the accumulated contradictions in the 1880s, a series of experiments was set up, very complex and subtle for those times - Michelson's experiments to study the dependence of the speed of light on the direction of motion of the observer

In Russia of the twentieth century, a whole galaxy of scientists, brilliant techies was formed, whose contribution to the conquest of the Universe cannot be overestimated. It is believed that the design scientist Boris Evseevich Chertok occupies a special place among them

At all times there are gifted people who are able to develop and implement extraordinary ideas, to create something extraordinary and necessary for mankind. As a rule, a pronounced talent leads its owner along his own special life path, without deviating a single step from the intended path

The Vigenère cipher is a polyalphabetic method for encrypting literal text using a keyword. This is the simplest form of polyalphabetic substitution

In this article we will consider the Vigenère table for the Russian alphabet, namely its significance in development. Let's get acquainted with the terminology, historical facts. We will study decryption and its methods, as well as much more, which will ultimately allow us to clearly define the concept of the Vigenère table

What is text frequency analysis? The history of the appearance of the method. Characteristics, features of the analysis. What are the most common letters of the Russian alphabet? What are the most common bi-, three-, four-grams? Setting preferred relationships between letters. What can analysis determine? How does it apply in the work of SEO specialists?

Elena Tsezarevna Chukovskaya gained fame as a literary critic and chemist. Her life was influenced by the Second World War, perestroika and other difficult, bright periods in the history of Russia

Over time, science undergoes qualitative changes. It increases volume, branches, becomes more complicated. Its actual history is presented rather chaotically and fractionally. However, in the multitude of discoveries, hypotheses, concepts, there is a certain orderliness, a pattern of formation and change of theories - the logic of the development of knowledge

Sailors who made round-the-world voyages were guided by the stars. One way or another, human life is connected with these cosmic objects, take at least the signs of the zodiac circle. Today we will talk about the constellation Bird of Paradise, which can be contemplated while in the Southern Hemisphere of the Earth

The concordance coefficient is calculated when determining the consistency of the opinions of experts who rank the properties of certain objects. Read more about this in this article

Every person in the modern world, when planning to take out a loan or stock up on vegetables for the winter, periodically encounters such a concept as “average”. Let's find out: what it is, what types and classes of it exist, and why it is used in statistics and other disciplines

Plankton, nekton, benthos - three groups into which all aquatic living creatures can be divided. Plankton is formed by algae and small animals that swim near the surface of the water. Nekton is made up of animals that can actively swim and dive in the water. Benthos are organisms found in the lowest layers of aquatic habitats. It includes bottom-dwelling animals, including many echinoderms, demersal fish, crustaceans, mollusks, annelids, and so on

Turgor is the ability of each skin cell to keep its shape and be in constant tone. In other words, this is the degree of firmness and elasticity of the skin, its fullness with oxygen. With proper care and sufficient nourishment of the epidermis, turgor will be at a high level

In the course of computer science, a special place is given to such a concept as number systems. As a rule, several lessons or practical exercises are allocated for it in order not only to learn the basic concepts of the topic, to study the types of number systems, but also to get acquainted with binary, octal and hexadecimal arithmetic

In the system of philological sciences, there are various areas - the theory of language, applied linguistics, stylistics, dialectology and even onomastics. Today we will talk about what onomastics is, what are its subject and object, what sections are distinguished in it. Consider its connection with other disciplines, sources that provide material for study

Over hundreds of years of its development, pedagogy has identified a number of principles that affect the success of learning, the assimilation of knowledge by students. All of them are interconnected, and their use in combination ensures the most complete, successful assimilation of new knowledge and skills. One of the main principles is the principle of consciousness and activity

Causality is the relationship between cause and effect. It is considered fundamental to all natural sciences, especially physics. Causality is also a very important topic, which has been considered for many years in terms of philosophy and statistics

Stimulated emission, induced emission - the generation of a new photon during the transition of a quantum system (atom, molecule, nucleus, etc.) between two states (from a higher to a lower energy level) under the influence of an inducing photon, the energy of which is equal to the difference between the energies of these states. The created photon has the same energy, momentum, phase, polarization, and propagation direction as the inducing photon (which is not absorbed)

GDP deflator is a special price index created to determine the aggregate level of prices for services and goods (consumer basket) for a specific, single period. It allows you to calculate changes in real volumes of products produced in the country. Usually it is calculated in the departments of official statistics, in Russia the Federal State Statistics Service is in charge of this issue

English physicist Michael Faraday, who grew up in a poor family, became one of the greatest scientists in the history of mankind. His outstanding achievements were made at a time when science was the lot of people born into privileged families. The farad unit of electrical capacitance is named after him

Without water, life on earth is impossible. Water as a substance "lives" in each of us. It nourishes the planet, saturating the soil and plants, creates a climate. The physical and chemical properties of water, its capabilities will be discussed in this article

Type Chordates combines organisms that have a notochord or spine, a central nervous system, gill arches (they are preserved during life only in those living in water). Chordates include lancelets, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

An article about famous chemists and their achievements in science. The biographical data of such scientists as Niels Bohr, Avogadro, Werner, Robert Boyle are given

One of the most important inventions of the Middle Ages is the development of the microscope. With this device, it was possible to examine structures invisible to the eye. It helped shape the principles of cell theory and created prospects for the development of microbiology. Moreover, the first microscope became the driving force behind the creation of new highly sensitive microscopic devices. They also became tools, thanks to which man was able to look at the atom

Many people may be surprised by the fact that air has a certain non-zero weight. The exact value of this weight is not so easy to determine, since it is strongly influenced by factors such as chemical composition, humidity, temperature and pressure. Consider in more detail the question of how much air weighs

Euclidean space is the most important geometric concept used in solving problems with the mutual arrangement of vectors relative to each other, which is characterized by such a concept as the scalar product

What are iconic signs? Scope, main features, differences from symbols, examples of signs

The question of what makes a person a Human is not an idle one, especially for young parents. It is necessary not only to raise him, but also to educate him as a citizen, a worker, a friend, a caring son and grandson, a good neighbor … Where to look for the driving forces of personality development - we will answer this question

In nature, many atoms exist in a bound form, forming special associations called molecules. However, inert gases, justifying their name, form monatomic units. The molecular structure of a substance usually implies covalent bonds. But there are also so-called conditionally weak interactions between atoms

What does TRNA look like? This is a very ancient biological structure. The name itself - transfer RNA - indicates the main function of the molecule. This nucleic acid "brings" with it the necessary amino acid required by the ribosomal RNA to create a specific protein whose structure is displayed on the messenger RNA

The article describes the essence of the chemical concept of "molecular weight", indicates the methods for its determination, including for gaseous substances, as well as the value of molecular weight in the chemical industry

The activity of almost any heat engine is based on such a thermodynamic phenomenon as the work done by a gas during expansion or compression

In this article we will consider thermodynamic processes. Let's get acquainted with their varieties and qualitative characteristics, and also study the phenomenon of circular processes that have the same parameters at the initial and final points

There are 2 blocks of mass in a car: sprung and unsprung. The first characterizes the totality of parts located above the suspension, and the second is the wheels and all the parts adjacent to them. Both parameters play an important role in the dynamics of the car, but usually the emphasis is on the sprung mass, which is many times greater than the unsprung mass. This approach is very erroneous, since the wheel part has a strong influence on the operation of the car

Sodium hydroxide is an alkali that has found wide application in various branches of human economic activity due to its reactive nature

The liberation of Moscow from the Polish interventionists in the national memory of our compatriots is traditionally revered as one of the most heroic episodes of Russian history. This event is put on a par with Kutuzov's cunning retreat from the capital in 1812, which led to Napoleon's flight from Russia