There are many units in Russian, but the most important of them is the sentence, because it is the communicative unit. We communicate with each other through sentences.
Offer
This language unit is built according to a certain grammatical pattern. What does the offer consist of? Of course, from words. But words in sentences lose their linguistic essence, they become syntactic components of one whole, turn into sentence members grammatically related to its other constituent parts.
Members of the proposal are divided into main and secondary. Without the main members, the proposal cannot exist. And what the basis of the sentence consists of is called the subject and the predicate.
Subject
Being the main member, the subject names the subject of speech. If each statement contains a fragment of the surrounding world, then the subject names the phenomenon with which something happens, which does something or has some signs. This is the most important member of all that the sentence consists of.
The subject can be expressed by any part of speech if it answers the question: what is there in the world? who is in the world?
For example:
What is there in the world? Summer. June Heat.
Who is there in the world? Butterflies.
In these one-part nominative sentences, the speaker reports the presence in the world of the phenomena named by the subject. Sometimes this is enough for a message.
But most often the subject in a sentence is related to the predicate.
Predicate
Being the second component of what the grammatical basis of a sentence consists of, the predicate performs the following functions:
- Denotes the action of the subject named subject (The snow has melted).
- Denotes the action of an item experienced by the item named subject (Rooftops covered with snow).
- Names the attributes possessed by the object named subject (It was a warm day).
Usually the predicate is expressed by the verb. If it is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood, then it has the name "simple verbal predicate". In the case when it consists of two verbs, one of which is an infinitive, we are talking about a compound verbal predicate. And if the predicate contains another part of speech - not a verb, then the predicate is a compound non-verbal.
Coordination
So, the main members are what the sentence should consist of. A special relationship is established between them, which is usually called coordination in the scientific world. This is a type of connection in which the subject andthe predicate is put in the same form of number, gender, case.
Examples of a sentence with coordinated main members:
- Snow fell.
- Father is a doctor.
- The night is dark.
- Children are funny.
- The walk is scheduled.
- Games are played outdoors.
Sometimes coordination between subject and verb is impossible:
- Dumplings are in great demand.
- Military in overcoat.
- The main task of the commander is to study the enemy.
- Eating from a soldier's cauldron was not considered shameful.
Minor sentence members
The other parts of what the sentence consists of are minor terms. They are in a subordinate relationship in relation to the main members or to each other and serve to determine, clarify, supplement their meanings.
They are called secondary because without them the offer can exist. But it would not be a complete reflection of the entire diversity of the world if it did not have secondary members. Compare, for example:
- Snowdrops have appeared (without minor members - an uncommon sentence).
- Snowdrops appeared in the spring (the circumstance of time expands the world reflected in the sentence).
- The long-awaited snowdrops appeared in the spring (the definition expresses the attitude of a person to a fragment of the world).
- In the spring, the long-awaited snowdrops appeared - harbingers of warmth (the application helps to feel the joy of anticipation of what will follow aftersnowdrops will appear).
- In the spring, the long-awaited snowdrops appeared on the thawed patches - harbingers of heat (the addition allows you to see a more accurate picture of the world).
Definition
One of the secondary members is the definition. It refers to a member of a sentence that has a subjective meaning. Answers questions what? whose? and their case forms. It is consistent and inconsistent. Agreed definitions are in the same gender, number and case as the word being defined, and inconsistent definitions do not change when the main word changes.
- Agreed definitions: My big barking dog, my big barking dog, my big barking animal.
- Inconsistent definition: Collared dog, collared dog, collared animal.
Supplement
One of the components of what a Russian sentence consists of is an addition. Such a minor term denotes an object in relation to which an action is performed or a sign is manifested. In addition, questions of indirect cases are raised. It refers to action words:
- filled with water;
- filled with water;
- filled with water;
- filling with water.
Grammatically, an addition can be direct or indirect. The direct object is associated with a transitive verb without a preposition in the accusative case:
- see (whom? what?) landscape;
- photographing (whom? what?) landscape;
- drawing (whom? what?) landscape.
The indirect object is expressed by all other forms of the noun, except for the accusative form without a preposition.
- admire (what?) the scenery;
- beauty (of what?) landscape;
- thinking (about what?) about the landscape.
Circumstance
Circumstance is another part of what a sentence consists of. It characterizes the way, place, time, reason, purpose, condition and other features of an action, state or sign.
Circumstance answers different questions depending on which side of the action it characterizes:
- In the forest (where?) Everything is painted in autumn.
- Everything is painted (how?) in autumn.
- Colored up (when?) in September everything around.
- Beautiful (to what extent?) very around.
Very often adverbial values can be combined with an additional value:
- I was vacationing (where? in what?) in the village.
- We spent money (why? on what?) to buy.
- Misha was delayed (why? because of whom?) because of a friend.
Simple sentence
A simple sentence reflects one fragment of the world. For example: Autumn came suddenly.
This sentence names one object and one of its actions: autumn has come.
One grammatical basis is what a simple sentence consists of.
The picture drawn in a simple sentence should be one. Althoughit happens that subjects or predicates can make up a series of homogeneous members:
- Autumn and frost came suddenly.
- Autumn came and took over the world suddenly.
Despite the fact that these sentences have several subjects (autumn and frosts) or several predicates (came and took possession), the basis of the sentences remains the same, because the picture of the world is not fragmented into several fragments.
A simple sentence can also consist of one main member. Such proposals are called one-part proposals. In them, the absence of the second main term is explained by its redundancy. For example, in all nominal sentences, the general meaning of the predicate is the presence in the world of what is called the subject. Thus, words with the meaning of the presence of a phenomenon in the world become redundant:
- This is my home.
- This is our village.
- Night.
- Silence.
- What a peace!
In one-part definite-personal sentences, the predicate is expressed in the form of first and second person verbs. Personal endings of verbs serve as an indication of the person: I, you, we, you. For this reason, the subject, which must be expressed by one of these pronouns, becomes redundant for understanding the meaning contained in the sentence. For example:
- I'll go out into the field, look at the seedlings.
- Will you come with me?
- Meeting in the lobby in an hour.
- Get out on time.
Bin one-part indefinitely personal sentences, the predicate is expressed by verbs in the form of present. third person plural tense numbers or past multiple times. numbers. In such sentences, the meaning of the redundancy of indicating the subject of the action is expressed - it does not matter who did it, it is important that it was done:
- The gardens were still harvesting.
- Apple picking in orchards.
- Bread is harvested on the field.
- Singing somewhere.
- Tomorrow they will go out for weeding.
Inpersonal sentences reflect a world in which something happens without a protagonist. Therefore, the subject in such a sentence is not just redundant, it cannot be used. As a predicate, verbs in the form of the present tense are most often used. numbers of the third person or past tense singular. number of avg. kind and word category state.
- It's dawning.
- It got dark.
- I feel stuffy.
- He is unwell.
Complex sentence
If a simple sentence has one grammatical basis, then several bases are what a complex sentence consists of. Consequently, several fragments of the surrounding world are reflected in a complex sentence: Autumn came suddenly, and green trees stood under the snow caps.
There are two subjects of speech in the sentence: autumn and trees. Each of them has a word that denotes its action: autumn came, the trees stood.
Parts of a complex sentence can be connected in various ways: non-union or allied connection. Allied sentences can be complex or complex. The structure of complex sentences is best reflected in schemes. Brackets and subject and predicate conventions are what the sentence scheme consists of. Independent sentences are indicated in square brackets.
[-=], [-=].
[-=], and[-=].
Compound sentences consist of a main clause and a subordinate clause, the main clause is indicated by square brackets, and the subordinate clause by round brackets.
[-=], (when -=).
(if-=), [-=].
Examples of compound sentences:
- The trees smelled of a resinous aroma, and the breeze carried it far into the steppe. (union, compound).
- Birch trees stood by the pond, which reflected them in its depth against the blue sky and white clouds (union complex).
- Silence reigned all around: the squeak of a mosquito was heard distinctly and loudly (Unionless).
