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Anomalous density of ice and water
Anomalous density of ice and water

Water is a mysterious liquid. This is due to the fact that most of its properties are anomalous, different from other liquids. The reason lies in its special structure, which is due to hydrogen bonds between molecules that change with temperature and pressure. Ice also has these unique properties

  • King of France Francis 1
    King of France Francis 1

    Francis 1 of Valois ruled his state for a long 32 years. During these years, thanks to his love of art, the Renaissance came to France. At the same time, his internal policy significantly strengthened the absolutist features of royal power. This controversial monarch and his manner of government will be discussed in this article

  • Louis XIII: biography
    Louis XIII: biography

    According to the French themselves, in the novels of the sword and sword, Alexandre Dumas gave the most impartial portrait of King Louis XIII. This is a weak, and weak-willed, and changeable, and cold, and cruel, and avaricious sovereign, who is in the shadow of the great Cardinal Richelieu. But in fact, this little-known ruler, if you look closely at him, can overshadow the glory of both his father Henry IV and the son of Louis XIV

  • Mixed and broad-leaved forests. Climate of mixed and broad-leaved forests
    Mixed and broad-leaved forests. Climate of mixed and broad-leaved forests

    In vast areas of North America and Eurasia are mixed and broad-leaved forests. The zones of these green areas are located in the temperate geographic zone of the Earth. The list of plants that these forests are rich in includes pine and spruce, maple and linden, oak and ash, hornbeam and beech

  • Incomplete transformation of insects: features of development and life
    Incomplete transformation of insects: features of development and life

    Insects are the most diverse class of animals in terms of species composition, which differ from each other in various ways. One of them is the type of transformation in the process of individual development

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Liberal reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century of the Russian Empire
Liberal reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century of the Russian Empire

I remember Alexander II as an outstanding innovator who carried out liberal reforms in the 60-70s of the 19th century. Historians are still arguing about whether they improved or worsened the socio-economic and political situation in our country. But the role of the emperor is difficult to overestimate. No wonder in Russian historiography he is known as Alexander the Liberator

  • Thesis design: rules and requirements
    Thesis design: rules and requirements

    A properly designed thesis is half the success of the defense. The second half is content. The regulatory framework for registration has not actually changed since 2001, it is positioned as an interstate standard and formulated for the design of research reports. In essence, for almost twenty years, the meaning of the rules and requirements for issuing a diploma is novelty, relevance and a job well done

  • The crystal lattice of ice and water
    The crystal lattice of ice and water

    In 1910, the American physicist P. Bridgman and the German researcher G. Tamman discovered that ice can form several polymorphic crystalline modifications. Now 9 modifications of ice are known, they have different crystal lattices, different densities and melting points. The ice we all know well is called "ice I", other modifications of ice exist at pressures exceeding 2000 atm

  • Integral membrane proteins, their functions
    Integral membrane proteins, their functions

    Cell membrane is a structural element of the cell, protecting it from the external environment. With the help of it, it interacts with the intercellular space and is part of the biological system. Its membrane has a special structure consisting of a lipid bilayer, integral and semi-integral proteins. The latter are large molecules that perform various functions

  • Lanthanides and actinides: position in the periodic system
    Lanthanides and actinides: position in the periodic system

    Lanthanides and actinides are two families that contain 14 chemical elements each, as well as the metals themselves - lanthanum and actinium. Their properties - both physical and chemical - will be considered by us in this paper

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  • Interesting quiz about autumn with answers
    Interesting quiz about autumn with answers

    Autumn is such a period in the life of nature, when everything around is in the last bright colors and falls asleep for the winter. However, we should not be sad, because there are still three whole months of autumn ahead, the last warm days and rains. In the fall, all children go to school, their parents go back to work, and life goes on as usual. But we can’t be sad, we can have fun and “stretch” the brains that have relaxed over the summer

  • Law universities in Russia. Which to choose?
    Law universities in Russia. Which to choose?

    This article describes the features of obtaining a legal education in Russia, and also reflects the top five law schools in Russia

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Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich: biography, facts from life, photos
Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich: biography, facts from life, photos

In Russian history, there are several cases when those who rebelled against the tsarist government covered themselves with a desire to protect the rights of the "real" sovereign or his legitimate heir. One example of such a falsification is the announcement by Stepan Razin that Nechai is in his camp - Tsarevich Alexei Alekseevich, whose biography is presented below

  • School museums (photo). Features of the activity of school museums

    In the material we will give a detailed definition of the school museum, briefly touch on its history, voice the goals, objectives, principles, social mission of its work. Let's imagine the distinctive features of school museums, let's see what profile these institutions meet. In conclusion, let's talk about the funds and expositions of these organizations

  • Historical local history at school

    To preserve continuity in folk culture, ecological, sociocultural, socioeconomic knowledge is transmitted from generation to generation in a certain territory, that is, everything that studies historical local history. With its help, the special features of the place, objects, personalities are revealed and revealed, they enter the practical mainstream of the trends and traditions of the development of the region

  • Stories are almost easy

    In a short article, the definition of the word "story" will be considered. And, perhaps, it seems that the form is small, although quite capacious, but the task itself, it seems, is far from being as trivial as it seems at first glance. Well let's start

  • Mysterious ship accidents at sea

    Since the development of shipbuilding, ship accidents at sea have been regularly occurring. Each such tragedy causes public outcry and gives rise to a bunch of speculation about its causes. The most controversial shipwrecks went down in history and today are of great interest in society

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