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Manual, mechanical and hydraulic guillotine. The guillotine is
Manual, mechanical and hydraulic guillotine. The guillotine is

In its original sense, the guillotine is a head-cutting mechanism used in a number of European countries to carry out the death pen alty. The tool was a huge oblique knife, the weight of which varied between 40-100 kg, moving between vertical guides

  • Avid - what is it? Word interpretation
    Avid - what is it? Word interpretation

    If you don't already know what an "inveterate" is, this article will come in handy. It describes the interpretation of the word "inveterate". It is indicated what this language unit can mean. You can easily remember its interpretation by reading the sample sentences

  • Deadly gases: list, classification, properties
    Deadly gases: list, classification, properties

    Across the world, a large number of people die every year as a result of inhaling toxic gases found in various areas of their activities. These gases are found not only in industrial settings, but also in nature: they are often odorless, colorless and cannot be detected by the human senses. In addition, gases are also used as weapons

  • Type of speech: description, narration, reasoning. Type of speech description: examples
    Type of speech: description, narration, reasoning. Type of speech description: examples

    The school curriculum must have a topic: "Types of speech: description, narration, reasoning." But after a while, knowledge tends to be erased from memory, so it would be useful to fix this important issue. All the necessary information about the types and styles of speech, as well as examples on the topic, can be found in this article

  • Lines and points of the celestial sphere
    Lines and points of the celestial sphere

    Under the celestial sphere is understood an imaginary sphere of an arbitrarily given radius, and its center is located at any point in space. The location of its center depends on what task is set. For example, the eye of the observer, the center of the Earth, the center of the instrument, etc. are taken as the center. Each of the celestial bodies has a corresponding point on the celestial sphere, which is crossed by a straight line. It connects two centers - spheres and luminaries

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Eastern Crusades: briefly about the main
Eastern Crusades: briefly about the main

The Crusades were the result of a combination of a number of economic, social, political and historical factors. Their prerequisites and results will be discussed in this article

  • Nelidova Ekaterina Ivanovna: biography, activities, personal life and interesting facts
    Nelidova Ekaterina Ivanovna: biography, activities, personal life and interesting facts

    Ekaterina Ivanovna Nelidova is known as the favorite of the Russian Emperor Paul I. She was one of the first graduates of the Smolny Institute. She was related to Varvara Arkadyevna Nelidova (secret mistress of Emperor Nicholas I). This article will focus on her biography and personal life

  • Chinese torture: types, description, interesting historical facts
    Chinese torture: types, description, interesting historical facts

    What hides the most brutal period in the history of ancient China? The composure of the then inhabitants of the Celestial Empire is amazing. Many went to crime knowing what awaits them if caught. And many hours of torment and bullying awaited them, in which the executioners invested all their professionalism

  • Marxism-Leninism is Essence, history of doctrine, main ideas
    Marxism-Leninism is Essence, history of doctrine, main ideas

    Marxism-Leninism is a doctrine dedicated to revolution. It is based on the ideas of Marx, Engels, finalized by Lenin. In fact, this is a holistic systemic science, including philosophizing, social aspects, opinions about economics, politics. This direction reflects the worldview of ordinary hard workers. ML is a science that allows you to know the world, correct it through revolution. This doctrine is devoted to the laws of social progress, changing the nature of society, as well as the development of human thinking

  • Cancellation of feeding in 1556: causes, Zemstvo reform and results
    Cancellation of feeding in 1556: causes, Zemstvo reform and results

    The article tells about the abolition by Tsar Ivan the Terrible of the practice of feeding, which consisted in the forced collection of funds from the people for the maintenance of the bureaucracy. It was an extremely important and timely decree, which became part of the Zemstvo reform carried out by him in 1556

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  • Curly lilies: botanical description. Species distribution
    Curly lilies: botanical description. Species distribution

    Lily curly (lily family) will not leave anyone indifferent! She is distinguished by discreet beauty, grace and grace. Slender stems with small turban-shaped flowers rise above flower beds. The graphic nature of the inflorescences is emphasized by dark leaves

  • Can you tell exactly how many weeks there are in a year?
    Can you tell exactly how many weeks there are in a year?

    Now we all probably know from childhood how many days there are in a year. This information is easy to remember. But the question of how many weeks in a year is extremely rarely asked. However, this knowledge will also be useful, especially when calculating the number of study hours, when calculating salaries, etc

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The word "tya" is an obsolete "dad"
The word "tya" is an obsolete "dad"

The origin of the affectionate name of father, father or dad lies in the origins of the Russian language. In a peasant environment, children often called their fathers the simple word "tya". Related to historicism, tyatya is an obsolete word not used today. Among the forgotten definitions are the following: a hryvnia - a decoration around the neck, a brush - a dish (food), a business card - men's clothing, a prototype of a modern jacket, the name of which came from the fact that they put on a thing to visit

  • SNK is an organ of Soviet power

    The system of organization of power in the USSR in the early years of the existence of Soviet power still raises questions for many historians. Let's try to figure it out

  • Dybenko Pavel Efimovich: biography and photo

    Pavel Dybenko - one of the creators of the October Revolution. As a military leader, he was noted on many fronts of the civil war. This Bolshevik of the old school died in a series of Stalinist repressions of the 30s

  • Serfdom in Russia is the heaviest in Europe

    Serfdom in Russia was the most difficult period of history in all of Europe. The enslaved peasants, and later the townspeople, had absolutely no rights

  • What is serfdom in Russia?

    According to one of two versions, it was fixed in Russia in a specifically stated law of 1592. It finally established the unequal rights of the landowner and the peasant, and serfdom in Russia was fixed at the official level. In another presentation, it arose gradually and led to the complete loss of any independence among the poor peasants. The royal manifesto abolished serfdom in 1861, February 19

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