It is known that, depending on how the speaker pronounces or what purpose the speaker pursues, sentences in Russian can convey completely different meanings. For example, the intonation and purpose of the statement in the syntactic construction "what is this" can mean:
- outrage - "what is this!", conveying the indignation of the speaker about what is happening;
- question - "what is this?", requiring clarification.
By emphasizing different words with the voice, the speaker can also convey their subjective attitude to information.
Depending on what the goals of the statement are, sentences are divided into narrative, interrogative and incentive.
Sentence concept
A sentence is a syntactic unit characterized by completeness. In writing, the latter is conveyed with a period, question mark or exclamation point, and in oral form - with intonation. It usually goes down towards the end of the utterance.
Words included in sentencesare connected grammatically with the help of prepositions and endings, as well as meaning. Each complete syntactic construction has a base represented by its main members or one of them - the subject and the predicate, regardless of what the sentences are for the purpose of the statement.
Examples:
Mom reads a book to her daughter. "Mom" is the subject, and "reads" is the predicate that conveys its action
- It's getting light outside. In this sentence, there is only a predicate - "it's dawning".
- Winter. This construction consists only of the subject.
Depending on what the utterances should be, their purpose may be to convey a message, a question, or an inducement.
Declarative sentences
This is the most common type of syntactic construction, although it should be remembered that a declarative sentence said with a different intonation can go into the category of a prompt or a question.
These types of syntactic constructions are messages about occurring phenomena, facts or events, both affirmed and denied. For example:
The past day left painful memories of itself. In this example of the statement, the purpose of the information is to convey a negative attitude towards the event
Sister waited on the bench while I vigorously exercised after a long run. In this design, the transfer of information occurs in two interconnectedwith a different meaning sentences that report ongoing actions and have a neutral-positive color
Usually, statements, the purpose of which is to provide information, end in writing with a period, and in oral form - with a decrease in the intonation of the voice.
Incentives
Depending on what sentences the author uses for the purpose of the statement, they can either induce action or convey advice or recommendation, in which case they will be called incentives.
In such syntactic constructions, the impulse to action is carried out using imperative verbs or special particles, such as “let, let”, “come on”, “come on” and others.
Incentive sentences for the purpose of the statement (examples below) can end with both an exclamation point and a period. Depending on intonation, they express:
- Prayer – “Please let me go.”
- A request - "Give me water."
- Order - "Get out of here!".
- Wish - "Be he althy!".
- Advice - Get yourself a dog.
By uttering such statements, the purpose of which is to push for action, the author influences further actions and the development of events.
Interrogative sentences
When a person wants to clarify or find out something, he asks a question. Depending on what sentences are used for the purpose of the statement and what the expected answer will be, they are divided into:
- General interrogative syntactic constructions, the task of which is to get a negative (no), positive (yes) or neutral (I don't know, maybe) answer for some information. For example: “Have you already had dinner?”, “Does the lilac grow in this garden?”
- Private interrogative sentences that are sent to a specific person to obtain additional information about him, the nature of the object or the circumstances of the actions, for example: "What time should you be there?", "When will it get warmer?".
In these types of sentences, there is always a question that requires a specific answer.
Types of interrogative sentences
These types of structures may also differ in nature, for example, be:
actually interrogative and necessarily require an answer, since this specifies information unknown to the author: “Where does this tram go?”;
- affirmative questions requiring confirmation of the data already indicated in it: “He didn’t do it on purpose?”;
- negative constructions that express the negation already embedded in the question: “And why did I need this?”;
- incentives, the task of which is to push the interlocutor or yourself to action: “Maybe we should watch a movie before going to bed?”;
- rhetorical questions that do not require a mandatory answer: "Who wouldn't go for a dip in the water in the hot season?".
Depending on what are the goals of uttering interrogative sentences, they are transmitted in writing with a question mark, and in oral speech - withusing intonation. In such syntactic constructions, words with interrogative meanings are often used, for example, “why”, “why”, “what”, “how” and others.
Exclamatory sentences
This type of syntactic construction depends on the intonation with which the statements are pronounced. The goal is to convey the feelings that cause certain events or actions. They are divided into:
declarative-exclamatory sentences, for example "The first snow fell - how beautiful it is outside!";
- interrogative-exclamatory - "Don't you understand the first time?!";
- incentive-exclamatory constructions - "Give me back my book!".
The punctuation marks in them depend on the purpose of the statement and intonation.
Isolating sentences in writing
If in oral speech in such constructions the intonation indicates their purpose, then in writing it is a period, a question mark or an exclamation point.
- Non-exclamatory declarative sentences always end with a period: “I came home tired.”
- If the statement is declarative, motivating or interrogative, but with the intonation of an exclamation, then an exclamation point is put in it, sometimes there are 3 of them, or it can come after the question mark. For example: “And Ivan Tsarevich went wherever his eyes look!”, “Beware!!!”, “Are you crazy?!”
- When the incentive sentence is non-exclamatory, then at the enda dot is put on him: “Go home.”
- If a statement has a touch of incompleteness, then it ends with an ellipsis: "I returned from a long voyage, and what next?
To punctuate correctly, you should determine what type of sentence the sentence belongs to in terms of the purpose of the statement and what its intonation is.
