From childhood, we learn to form words into sentences. First, simple ones, then complex ones. At school, children are told what sentences consist of, in what order words and punctuation marks are placed. But sentences are formed not just like that, but always for some purpose, i.e., the sentence has the purpose of utterance. How do sentences differ in terms of the purpose of the statement? How to see and distinguish them? This article will help you figure it out.
What is the purpose of an utterance in Russian?
From childhood, a child learns to form words in sentences, gradually complicating them, but each sentence always carries a certain meaning.
This is either a request, or a question, or just a story about something that happened. What is the purpose of an utterance in Russian? In fact, this is what this or that offer is made for.
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Since expressions are made for a specific purpose and to achieve some result, thensentences are divided into types according to the purpose of the statement. Although it may seem difficult in theory, children learn everything in practice in a very short time, even if no one explains the rules to them.
The first type is declarative sentences, the second is interrogative and the third is incentive. How are they different and how to use them?
Declarative sentences
Statements state facts. We can say that this kind of sentences on the purpose of the statement helps to talk about various events, phenomena.
With the help of declarative sentences, you can tell how your day went, share plans, impressions, etc. But it is better to understand what the purpose of the statement is with specific examples:
Today was a wonderful day. We went to the cinema, bought ice cream and walked in the park. Hope next weekend will be just as great
This example simply tells how the day went, i.e. certain facts are reported.
Incentives
Incentive sentences are used when you need to ask for something, call for something, order, etc.
T. e. to induce another person to do something. Examples:
- Call me for the latest news.
- Come visit and discussall.
From these examples it is clear that the speaker calls his listener to certain actions: call, visit. That is, it encourages you to do something.
Interrogative sentences
Most likely, the meaning of this type of sentence becomes clear from the name. Interrogative sentences are used to get specific information.
It is worth noting that a question can also be rhetorical, that is, not require an answer and be used only as a means of expression. Examples of interrogative sentences:
- How are you?
- What's new?
- Do you want to go for a walk tomorrow night?
Emotion suggestions
Having figured out what the purpose of the statement is, we should move on to intonation. When a child learns to form sentences, he also learns the intonation with which they should be pronounced. Intonation is how our voice sounds. Its volume rises or falls, words stand out, are accented or pronounced neutrally. You can take one sentence and read it in completely different ways. Often the meaning of the sentence depends on the change of intonation. By intonation, sentences are divided into two large groups: exclamatory and non-exclamatory.
Exclamation marks
Exclamatory sentences differ in that they are pronounced with a special feeling, strong emotions. Often adverbs are used in exclamatory sentences,interjections and pronouns to enhance emotional coloring. Compare:
- Yes, beautiful.
- Oh, what a beauty! Simply incredible!
The first sentence can be read neutrally, with one intonation. Reading others, I already want to raise my voice, put more feelings and emotions into it in order to convey this admiration. Exclamatory sentences can also be declarative sentences, incentive sentences, and interrogative sentences.
Non-exclamatory
If speaking exclamatory sentences aloud, you need to put a certain force and emotion into your voice, then non-exclamatory sentences should sound quite calm and neutral. There is no obvious emotional coloring in this type of sentences:
The book is interesting, I read it quickly
Intonation
It is also worth remembering that intonation and the purpose of the utterance are phenomena that are very closely related and influence each other. There is no clear word order in Russian. We can rearrange the words, swap them, but the meaning of the sentence will still be clear. Therefore, an interrogative sentence can be read as a narrative one, but then what distinguishes them? Intonation! It is with the help of intonation in oral speech that the listener can distinguish whether a question is asked to him, they are addressed to him, or it is just a message of some information. Compare:
- You called me today. (Statement, fact).
- Did you call me today? (Question to be answered).
It is clear that such proposals forthe goals of the statement are completely different, although they consist of the same words. They will be read differently, and the emphasis will fall on different words.
Thus, intonation is an alternation of raising and lowering the voice, highlighting any words with the help of intonational stress, a certain rhythm, pauses. Without different intonations, the speech will be faceless, and the meaning of the sentences will be incomprehensible. Intonation not only beautifies speech, but also helps convey the meaning of sentences.
Even the usual praise "well done" can be read in very different ways. For example:
Well done! Well done
This can be said with sincere joy for someone's success. It will be straight forward. And you can read it with a share of irony, meaning not success at all, but their absence:
Well done! Well done
Intonation plays a significant role in irony, because most often it is very difficult to catch irony without certain changes in voice.
Intonation is not always even. It can go up or down. Declarative sentences often have an ascending-descending intonation. Towards the middle, the intonation rises, and towards the end of the sentence it goes down. In interrogative sentences, intonation can be completely different, everything will depend only on which word the logical stress is placed on, that is, on which word the emphasis is placed. In incentive sentences, the intonation usually rises at the end. Especially if the incentive offer is not just a request, but an order.
Punctuation marks in different types of sentences
Having figured out what the purpose of the statement isand intonation and how they affect each other, you can move on to the features of punctuation marks.
The purpose of the statement and intonation determine which punctuation mark will be at the end of the sentence. In declarative and motivating sentences with no bright emotional coloring, a full stop is put at the end. Such sentences are read with an even and calm intonation, without a sharp rise and fall of the voice. An exclamation point can be used at the end of declarative, imperative, and even interrogative sentences. In the first two cases, one exclamation mark is put at the end of the sentence, and the sentence itself acquires a certain emotional coloring. In the third case, since the sentence is interrogative in terms of the purpose of the statement, the question mark will be considered the main one, and will come first, followed by an exclamation mark, adding a certain emotional connotation to the question.
Punctuation marks can be placed not only at the end, but also in the middle of a sentence. For example, you might see an exclamation point enclosed in parentheses in the middle of a sentence. In this case, he highlights a word, shows its significance, focuses on it, and therefore it is necessary to read such a sentence with the appropriate intonation, highlighting the marked word. There can also be a question mark in brackets in the middle of a sentence. In this case, he questions some word. When reading, this should also be noted.
So, all kinds of complex and simple sentences for the purpose of the statement can benarrative, motivating and interrogative. By emotional coloring - exclamatory and non-exclamatory. And also the sentences differ in intonation. Which type to choose will depend on the purpose for which the text is compiled and what impression it should make on the listener or reader. In writing, intonation features are marked with punctuation marks, which can be either at the end of a sentence or in the middle.
