When you hear the word "s alt", the first association, of course, is cooking, without which any dish will seem tasteless. But this is not the only substance that belongs to the class of s alt chemicals. You can find examples, composition and chemical properties of s alts in this article, as well as learn how to correctly compose the name of any of them. Before proceeding, let's agree, in this article we will consider only inorganic medium s alts (obtained by the reaction of inorganic acids with complete replacement of hydrogen).
Definition and chemical composition
One definition of s alt is:
This is a binary compound (i.e., consisting of two parts), which includes metal ions and an acid residue. That is, this is a substance resulting from the reaction of an acid and a hydroxide (oxide) of any metal
There is another definition:
This is a compound that is a product of complete or partial replacement of hydrogen ions of an acidmetal ions (suitable for medium, basic and acidic)
Both definitions are correct, but do not reflect the essence of the s alt production process.
Classification of s alts
Considering the various representatives of the class of s alts, you can see that they are:
- Oxygen-containing (s alts of sulfuric, nitric, silicic and other acids, the acid residue of which includes oxygen and another non-metal).
- Oxygen-free, i.e. s alts formed during the reaction of an acid whose acidic residue does not contain oxygen - hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydrogen sulfide and others.
By the number of substituted hydrogens:
- Monobasic: hydrochloric, nitric, hydroiodic and others. The acid contains one hydrogen ion.
- Dibasic: Two hydrogen ions are replaced by metal ions in the formation of a s alt. Examples: sulfuric, sulphurous, hydrogen sulfide and others.
- Tribasic: in the composition of the acid, three hydrogen ions are replaced by metal ions: phosphoric.
There are other types of classifications by composition and properties, but we will not analyze them, since the purpose of the article is slightly different.
Learning to call correctly
Any substance has a name that is understandable only to the inhabitants of a certain region, it is also called trivial. Table s alt is an example of a colloquial name; according to international nomenclature, it will be called differently. But in a conversation, absolutely any person familiar with the nomenclature of names will understand without any problems that we are talking about a substance with the chemical formula NaCl. This s alt isa derivative of hydrochloric acid, and its s alts are called chlorides, that is, it is called sodium chloride. You just need to learn the names of the s alts given in the table below, and then add the name of the metal that formed the s alt.
But it's so easy to make a name if the metal has a constant valency. And now consider the s alt (example with the name), which has a metal with variable valency - FeCl3. The substance is called ferric chloride. This is the correct name!
| Acid formula | Acid name | Acid residue (formula) | Nomenclature name | Example and trivial name |
| HCl | s alt | Cl- | chloride | NaCl (table s alt, rock s alt) |
| HI | hydroiodic | I- | iodide | NaI |
| HF | hydrofluoride | F- | fluoride | NaF |
| HBr | hydrobromic | Br- | bromide | NaBr |
| H2SO3 | sulphurous | SO32- | sulfite | Na2SO3 |
| H2SO4 | sulphuric | SO42- | sulfate | CaSO4 (anhydrite) |
| HClO | hypochlorous | ClO- | hypochlorite | NaClO |
| HClO2 | chloride | ClO2- | chlorite | NaClO2 |
| HClO3 | chloric | ClO3- | chlorate | NaClO3 |
| HClO4 | chloric acid | ClO4- | perchlorate | NaClO4 |
| H2CO3 | coal | CO32- | carbonate | CaCO3 (limestone, chalk, marble) |
| HNO3 | nitrogen | NO3- | nitrate | AgNO3 (lapis) |
| HNO2 | nitrogenous | NO2- | nitrite | KNO2 |
| H3PO4 | phosphoric | PO43- | phosphate | AlPO4 |
| H2SiO3 | silicon | SiO32- | silicate | Na2SiO3 (liquid glass) |
| HMnO4 | manganese | MnO4- | permanganate | KMnO4 (potassium permanganate) |
| H2CrO4 | chrome | CrO42- | chromate | CaCrO4 |
| H2S | hydrosulphuric | S- | sulfide | HgS(cinnabar) |
Chemical properties
As a class, s alts are chemically characterized by the fact that they can interact with alkalis, acids, s alts and more active metals:
1. When interacting with alkalis in solution, a prerequisite for the reaction is the precipitation of one of the resulting substances.
2. When interacting with acids, the reaction proceeds if a volatile acid, an insoluble acid, or an insoluble s alt is formed. Examples:
- Volatile acids include carbonic, as it easily decomposes into water and carbon dioxide: MgCO3 + 2HCl=MgCl2 + H2O + CO2.
- Insoluble acid - silicic, formed as a result of the reaction of silicate with another acid.
- One of the signs of a chemical reaction is precipitation. Which s alts precipitate can be seen in the solubility table.
3. The interaction of s alts with each other occurs only in the case of binding of ions, i.e. one of the formed s alts precipitates.
4. To determine whether a reaction between a metal and a s alt will proceed, one must refer to the metal stress table (sometimes also called the activity series).
Only more active metals (located to the left) can displace metal from s alt. An example is the reaction of an iron nail with blue vitriol:
CuSO4 + Fe=Cu + FeSO4
Suchreactions are characteristic of most representatives of the class of s alts. But there are also more specific reactions in chemistry, the individual reflecting properties of s alt, for example, decomposition upon incandescence or the formation of crystalline hydrates. Each s alt is individual and unusual in its own way.
