S alts are divided into medium, acidic, basic, double and mixed. All of them are widely used in everyday life, but even more - in industry. Understanding the classification of s alts makes it possible to understand the basics of chemistry.
How to classify s alts
First, let's define s alts. They are chemical compounds in which a metal atom is connected to an acidic residue. Unlike other classes of substances, s alts are characterized by an ionic chemical bond.
Representatives of this class are divided into several groups with specific features.
Normal s alts
Medium s alts contain only cations of a certain metal and an acid residue. As an example of such compounds, sodium chloride, potassium sulfate can be mentioned. It is this group that is considered the most common in the earth's crust. Among the ways to obtain them, we note the neutralization process carried out between the acid and the base.
Acid s alts
This group of compounds consists of a metal, hydrogen, and also an acid residue. Polybasic acids form similar compounds: phosphoric, sulfuric, carbonic. As an example of an acid s alt having a broaddistribution in everyday life, sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) can be noted. These substances are obtained by the interaction between an average s alt and an acid.
Basic s alts
These compounds contain metal cations, a hydroxyl group, as well as anions of an acid residue. An example of a basic s alt is calcium hydroxochloride.
Mixed s alts
Double s alts refer to the presence of two metals that replace the hydrogen in the acid. The formation of substances of a similar composition is characteristic of polybasic acids. For example, in sodium potassium carbonate, two active metals are present at once. Double mixed s alts are important for the chemical industry, widely used in everyday life.
Features of mixed s alts
Double s alts of potassium and sodium are found in nature in the form of sylvinite. Potassium is also able to form mixed s alts with aluminum.
Mixed (double) s alts are compounds that consist of various anions or cations. For example, bleach in its composition has an anion of hypochlorous and hydrochloric acid.
Double ammonium s alts are of particular interest. Most of the substances obtained are used as mineral fertilizers.
Obtaining double ammonium s alts is carried out by the interaction of ammonia with polybasic acids. Diammonium phosphates are in demand in the manufacture of fire retardants (fire retardants). Double s alts containing no impurities,needed in the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Ammonium zinc and magnesium phosphates are of industrial importance. Due to their negligible solubility in water, these s alts function as flame retardants in paints and plastics.
These double s alts are suitable for impregnating fabrics and wood, protecting surfaces from high humidity. Iron and aluminum ammonium phosphates are an excellent tool for protecting metal structures from natural corrosion processes.
Examples of double s alts of technical importance can be given for iron and zinc. They are a breeding ground for growing yeast, in demand in the manufacture of matches, the production of insulating materials, mica.
Receive
Double ammonium s alts are obtained by thermal saturation of phosphoric acid with ammonia and a certain alkali. Industrial interest is dimonium phosphate. It is produced by heat treatment with ammonia of phosphoric acid. For the successful flow of the process, a temperature of about 70 degrees Celsius is required. The technology involves the formation of aluminum and iron phosphates in the form of precipitates, which also find their industrial application.
Some difficulties arise with the names of double s alts due to the fact that they contain yes acidic residues, or two cations.
Magnium ammonium phosphate is in demand in the chemical industry, so the technology of its creation has certain features. Carry out neutralization with gaseous ammonia extractionphosphoric acid, which is mixed with magnesium phosphate.
Complex compounds
There are certain differences between complex and double s alts. Let's try to find out the features of complex s alts. They are assumed to contain a complex ion, which is enclosed in square brackets. In addition, such compounds contain a complexing agent (central ion). It is surrounded by particles called ligands. Complex s alts are characterized by stepwise dissociation. The first step is the formation of a complex ion in the form of a cation or anion. Further, there is a partial dissociation of the complex ion into a cation and ligands.
Features of the nomenclature of s alts
Given that there are many different types of s alts, their nomenclature is of interest. For medium s alts, the name is formed on the basis of an anion (chloride, sulfate, nitrate), to which the Russian name of the metal is added. For example, CaCO3 is calcium carbonate.
Acidic s alts are characterized by the addition of the prefix hydro-. For example, KHCO3 is potassium bicarbonate.
The nomenclature of basic s alts implies the use of the prefix hydroxo-. Thus, the Al(OH)2Cl s alt is called aluminum dihydroxochloride.
When naming double s alts containing two cations, first name the anion, then list both metals included in the compound.
More complex names are typical for complex compounds. In chemistry, there is a special section that deals with the study of such s alts.
IfTo analyze the physical properties of different representatives of double s alts, it can be noted that they differ significantly in their ability to dissolve in water. Among the double s alts, there are examples of substances that have good solubility, for example, sodium chloride, potassium chloride. Among the poorly soluble compounds, double s alts of phosphoric and silicic acids can be cited.
In terms of chemical properties, double s alts are similar to normal (medium) ones, they are able to interact with acids and other s alts.
Nitrates and ammonium s alts undergo thermal decomposition, forming several reaction products.
In the case of electrolytic dissociation of such compounds, anions of the residue and metal cations can be obtained. For example, when potassium alum decomposes into ions, aluminum and potassium cations, as well as sulfate ions, can be found in the solution.
Separation of s alt mixture
Given that natural minerals contain two metals at once, it becomes necessary to separate them. Among the many ways to separate mixtures of s alts, fractional crystallization can be distinguished. This method involves the preliminary melting of the double s alt, its subsequent division into different compounds, then crystallization. This option for separating mixtures is associated with the physical characteristics of substances. When separating a mixture by chemical methods, reagents are selected that are of high quality for certain cations or anions. After precipitation of one of their parts of the double s alt, the precipitation is removed.
If necessary, separation of the three-componentsystems in which there is a solid phase, as well as emulsions, centrifugation is carried out.
Conclusion
Double s alts differ from other types of s alts by the presence of two metals in the formula. In its pure form, such compounds are rarely used, mainly they are initially separated by physical or chemical methods, and only then are used in various areas of industrial production. Double s alts are also used in the chemical industry as a source of many highly demanded chemicals.
