Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was a man of strong character, great will and great love of life. All his life he sincerely believed in the ideals of communism and in the bright future of the Soviet people. Khrushchev pulled out a lucky lottery ticket, fate led him away from political death more than once. All the time he tried to improve the fate of the common population, putting into practice the most daring ideas, which often led to economic disasters. Not everything conceived bore fruit, but nevertheless, Khrushchev's contribution to the development of the state is enormous! However, this did not save him from overthrow, conspiracy and imprisonment. He spent the last 7 years of his life in the village of Petrovo-Dalneye, thirty kilometers from Moscow. There he began to dictate his memoirs on the recorder, which would later lead him to the grave. 1964 - the year of Khrushchev's death, he will live 77 years.
Biography of N. S. Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev was born in 1894 into a poor peasant family. He did not like to remember his childhood. Water,potatoes and s alt, this is what the future party leader's daily lunch looked like.
He received his primary education at a parochial school, where he was taught the basics of arithmetic and algebra. Throughout his life, he will never graduate from school or college and will always write with errors.
To earn at least some money, the father takes fourteen-year-old Nikita with him and they go to the city of Yuzovka to work at the mine. At this time, father and son live in a barrack for 100 people. Poverty and disease reigned all around. In 1910, cholera raged at the mine, and a separate barrack was allocated for the sick. Once inside, no one came back. And then Nikita realized that he had to get out of the mine, study, become a mechanic.
Study was given to the young Khrushchev easily, hardworking by nature, "golden hands", he had a phenomenal memory. After graduation, he is taken as an assistant locksmith to the factory. Nikita did not drink, did not smoke, was a staunch atheist, which contributed to his passion for communism. The slogan "a happy life for ordinary people" very accurately reflected his vision of the world at that time. He knew life without embellishment, and wanted to believe that everything could be changed.
The October Revolution was a harbinger of change in the world. The Civil War that followed began a "historical breakdown." Khrushchev joins the Red Army and spends 4 years fighting for a "bright future". "The revolution is not made in white gloves" - these words of Lenin justified everything: bloodshed, robberies, devastation. Fromthere was nothing left for the then rapidly developing industrial power.
After the Bolsheviks came to power, an active restoration of the destroyed factories and enterprises began. Famine and disaster reigned everywhere. Khrushchev enthusiastically takes up the restoration of the mines of Donbass that have already become native. After the revolution, they were almost completely destroyed, plundered and flooded.
Khrushchev worked hard. He quickly becomes deputy director of the mine and is noticed at the top. In 1925, Nikita Sergeevich received his first party post. And he is invited to the annual congress of the Communist Party in Moscow. Until his death, Khrushchev will be devoted to the ideas of communism.
Big politics
So in 1925 Khrushchev traveled to Moscow for the first time. The capital makes a strong impression on a simple village peasant. A huge city, the rise of the NEP, new opportunities. Seeing Stalin for the first time, Nikita Sergeevich falls under his charm and unconditionally believes every word. Listens to his speeches as if spellbound. This gives him new strength and confidence in the correctness of his choice.
With these thoughts and dreams, he returns to Ukraine, where he plunges into work. And in 1929, at the age of 35, he decides to go to Moscow to study. Khrushchev's ambitions have no limits. He enters the Moscow Industrial Academy, where he meets Nadezhda Alliluyeva, who later played an important role in his life.
At this time, Khrushchev will be an unwitting puppet in the hands of a skilled Stalin. Holy believer in communisma party member, a native of the Khrushchev people, is called "upstairs" for an important conversation. Another purge was being prepared in the ranks of the academy, a letter had already been drawn up - a denunciation of new "pests". All you had to do was sign anonymously. For this mission, Stalin chose the executive and active Khrushchev, who, without further ado, signs everything that is offered to him. Stalin liked this act, and Khrushchev soars up the party ladder, leaving the institute, he is rushing to the heights of power.
However, no one takes Khrushchev seriously. A jester from the people, a simple peasant who likes Stalin so much and trusts his patron in everything. When folders with the files of "enemies of the peoples" were placed on Khrushchev's desk, he signed everything unconditionally. As he later admitted, he put his signature with hatred, sincerely believing that they were all to blame for preventing the construction of a new society. After Stalin's death, Khrushchev will try to correct this blind faith of his by rehabilitating millions of prisoners.
The veil fell from Khrushchev's eyes only in 1938, after his appointment to the post of First Secretary of Ukraine. Khrushchev leaves for 11 years in Ukraine, where communication with the common people and the opportunity to make decisions himself make him think. Is it really impossible to build communism without bloodshed? Khrushchev begins to understand that a huge number of innocent people are dying, and he plays an important role in this. Enthusiastically overfulfilling plans to identify "enemies of the people", he himself turns into a murderer.
DuringKhrushchev's wars are allowed on important military missions. Which he fails miserably. Stalin sends him to defend Kyiv. The city is taken by the Nazis. During the Kharkov operation, 250,000 soldiers die at once, 200,000 are captured. All this is due to the impossibility of non-fulfillment of Stalin's orders. Stalin is dissatisfied with Khrushchev, and after the liberation of Kyiv, the war ends for Nikita Sergeevich. Stalin sends him to rebuild the broken city.
After the war, the terrible famine of 1946 hits Ukraine. Moscow takes the whole harvest, and Ukraine is left without bread. Khrushchev is trying to solve this situation as best he can, begging Stalin to give Ukraine at least some grain, but the leader is adamant. To save Ukraine, Khrushchev is trying to influence Stalin through his closest associates, Beria and Malenkov. But when the owner finds out about this, he furiously removes Khrushchev from all posts.
However, after a while, Stalin will again pardon the unfortunate Khrushchev, who, after his resignation, becomes seriously ill. Khrushchev would later say that this illness saved him from execution.
The leader returns the negligent politician to Moscow, where Khrushchev is still not taken seriously. This will play into his hands, after the death of Stalin, Khrushchev will be able to bypass his rivals.
Death of Stalin
Stalin dies on March 5, 1953 at the Near Dacha. After that, there will be many versions about the causes of his death, one of which is a premeditated murder, in which Khrushchev and Beria are accused. However, many historians argue that Khrushchev could not have killed the leader. Despite the conflicting attitude towardsleader of the peoples, Khrushchev sincerely mourned. He later confesses in his memoirs that he felt sorry for Stalin.
Stalin did not have successors as such, and the further fate of the country was not determined. Everyone understood that it was necessary to choose a new leader, there were few options: Malenkov and Beria as the closest associates. Khrushchev, as usual, no one took seriously. But in vain, because in his head the plan of rising to the pedestal was already ripe.
Struggle for power
March 9, Stalin is buried, and Khrushchev is appointed chairman of the commission for organizing the funeral. It was he who would later be blamed for the stampede on Trubetskoy Square, in which several thousand people died.
Khrushchev's death is hard. The party members made farewell speeches for a long time, praising their leader and thanking him for everything he did for the people.
Khrushchev's rivals after Stalin's death, Beria and Malenkov, actively began to gather allies around them. In this matter, Beria lost a lot, from whom everyone had long wanted to get rid of. He was, to put it mildly, feared. And Khrushchev played on this. He conducts an operation to eliminate Beria, based on the fear of the entire party environment. Beria is arrested and later shot as an enemy of the people.
The post of the head of the Country of Soviets passes to Georgy Maksimovich Malenkov. But in fact, he does not lead the country. Soft-bodied and indecisive, he will then be sent into exile, deprived of all government posts. Khrushchev was underestimated. In 1955, he becomes the new leader of the USSR.
In power
Khrushchev came to power after Stalin's death byconspiracy and intrigue. It was a difficult time for the country, the Cold War was in full swing. Khrushchev, with his perseverance and enthusiasm, takes on new duties. He bluffs, manipulates, saves Egypt from war and makes friends with the Middle East.
Nikita Sergeevich travels a lot around the country and around the world. For 10 years he visits about 50 countries. What he sees shocks him, he understands that the USSR is far behind in development in almost all areas.
The restless Khrushchev is trying to improve the situation in the country, to solve the main economic problems. He begins the development of virgin lands - the grain situation is improving. This gives confidence. Focusing on agriculture, in an attempt to feed the poor citizens of the Soviet Union, he significantly reduces the cost of the army. All money goes to the needs of citizens. The army is reduced by 3 million people, which will not play in his favor in the future.
"Oil instead of cannons" - ships and cannons are scrapped, military equipment is melted down.
Active construction of housing for the population begins. People who lived before in barracks and communal apartments receive their own apartments. In 5 years, more than 30 million Soviet citizens will receive their own housing. Small apartments would later be called Khrushchevs. Built in haste at minimal cost, they will have their shortcomings, which will outrage many citizens. And here Nikita Sergeevich did not please.
Khrushchev also releases more than 20 million people from exile and camps. Later, grateful former exiles will bring flowers to his grave.
In the history of this periodwill enter as "Khrushchev's thaw". The iron curtain will partially open, and people will see a completely different world. American musicals, exhibitions, theatrical productions will come to the country, previously banned poets and writers will be published.
Another dubious decision would be Khrushchev's exposure of Stalin's cult. Later, the old communists will not be able to forgive him for this bold step. At the Twentieth Congress of the Communist Party, Khrushchev, in his five-hour speech, will expose the activities of Iosif Vissarionovich. This will divide the country into two camps. One thing will be inevitable - the foundation on which communism stood will crack.
There will be protests in Warsaw and other allied cities, which will be brutally suppressed. The report is published abroad, and all over the world faith in the Soviet Union, faith in freedom and justice is gradually beginning to crumble.
All these events in 1957 will be the prerequisites for an attempt to overthrow the bold politician. Kaganovich, Malenkov, Voroshilov could not forgive Khrushchev's anti-Stalin campaign. But the plot failed, Georgy Zhukov, at that time the Minister of Defense of the USSR, saves his comrade and friend, taking his side.
Khrushchev after Stalin's death is trying to "reshape" the entire state system. He destroys the usual ideals and does not even shoot the conspirators, which in Stalin's times would not even be discussed. However, such humanity does not save him from another conspiracy already in 1964.
A series of daring antics by Nikita Sergeevich became the reason for a new conspiracy, already led by the ambitious Brezhnev. Caribbean crisis, "corn failure" -people are tired of the antics of this "tyrant". It became possible to hate the head of state, and they hated him! The military - for the reduction of staff and deprivation of part of the monetary allowances. Political - for the abolition of benefits, the elimination of Stalin's "packages of money" and political privileges. The intelligentsia - for misunderstanding, contempt and ridicule by Khrushchev of new trends in contemporary art.
As a result, in 1964, at the general vote after a flurry of accusations, all members of the polit. bureaus vote yes. On October 15, N. S. Khrushchev signs the last official paper in his life: "Due to my advanced age and he alth problems, I ask you to relieve me of my post."
Death
Life in captivity begins. Seven years under guard, 30 kilometers from Moscow, the old pensioner reads a lot, plants a garden, builds greenhouses and a greenhouse himself. He is surrounded by a loving family, children and grandchildren. But thoughts about what is done and not done do not give rest. Nikita Sergeevich begins to dictate his memoirs into the recorder. Realizing that the recordings will never be allowed to be published in Russia, he gives them to his son Sergei, who, in turn, with the help of his friend, journalist Victor Louis, takes them to England. When the pensioner's memories become known to a wide foreign audience, Khrushchev is urgently summoned to Moscow.
Nikita Sergeevich is offered to refute the plausibility of the memoirs published in England. What Khrushchev brings down on his formercolleagues a stream of foul language. He screams and is indignant, everything that has accumulated over the years of alienation is poured out on the politicians he hates. At that moment Khrushchev Nikita Sergeevich was calling for his death. He screamed that he was ready to die, that he wanted to die, that he had no strength to live like this anymore.
Upon his return to the dacha, he has a heart attack. Then, a year later, a heart attack. Khrushchev's death did not come as a surprise to his family. After two heart attacks and a heart attack at the age of 77, Nikita Sergeevich died. He passed away on September 11, 1970 at the Kuntsevo hospital in Moscow.
Causes of Khrushchev's death
N. S. Khrushchev lived a long life. Having come to power late, he could not get enough of her gifts. He was lucky, he believed in his cause, in communism, in Stalin. After his removal from business, as he believed, undeservedly, life lost all meaning for him. This was the cause of the death of Nikita Khrushchev. He sincerely tried to improve the lives of ordinary people through trial and error, he tried for the good of his country.
After Khrushchev's removal from business, Brezhnev did everything to erase the memory of his predecessor. The name of Nikita Sergeevich was removed from all textbooks, his photographs were not published, even newsreels were edited, and Gagarin was met from the first flight by Brezhnev, not Khrushchev. They wanted to erase the pensioner from the history of the Soviet Union, depersonalize and forget about his achievements, leaving only failures and funny anecdotes about the failures of the Secretary General. All this caused the death of Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev. He was gradually destroyed morally. They deprived him of the right toown memories, leading to a heart attack.
The date of Khrushchev's death, October 11, 1964, will also be erased from the memory of Soviet citizens. A small obituary in the newspaper will be published only on October 13th. He will not be buried at the Kremlin wall, like all leaders of the state, he will not be organized a farewell rally. Almost secretly, under huge guard, not letting the "superfluous", Khrushchev will be taken to the Novodevichy cemetery. One small wreath will be handed over from their colleagues in the workshop, and not a single official at the funeral. They were afraid of the crowd, so it was impossible to get into the cemetery on the day of the funeral. It was taken in two rings by the military, everyone was checked. The nearest metro stations were closed, and trolleybuses and buses passed by the Novodevichy stop. From the funeral of the former leader of the party they made a secret action, he was not taken along the main streets, but in some back streets. There was no filming. Random footage of a foreign correspondent secretly attending a funeral is all that will remain for contemporaries.
After Khrushchev's death
So the one who once tried to erase the memory of Stalin has sunk into oblivion. After the death of Khrushchev, the quietest Brezhnev time comes. No one is rushing anyone, no reforms - this is a time of stagnation. The country is heading inexorably into the abyss. The progress that Nikita Khrushchev so dreamed of and strove for will be more distant than ever for Soviet citizens. Khrushchev's death put an end to everything that Nikita Sergeevich tried with such difficulty to revive. Communism is slowly but surely approaching its decline.
Memory
Now we remember Nikita againSergeevich Khrushchev. Documentary films are made about him, even monuments are erected to him, prospectuses call his name. His contribution to the development of the country was appreciated. Millions of citizens to this day live in his Khrushchevs and ironically remember his "kuzkina mother".
In the year of Khrushchev's death, a monument was erected on his grave, the author of which was Ernst Neizvestny. Ironically, once ridiculed by a Russian peasant, Nikita Sergeevich, who was once far from art. This controversial memorial in the form of two bases of black and white marble with a bronze head of Khrushchev reflects the dual nature of the former leader like nothing else.
The death of Nikita Khrushchev was not loud, but his memory rumbles to this day not only in Russia, but also abroad.
Conclusion
After the death of N. S. Khrushchev, his relatives were not allowed into the house for three hours, they took out the entire archive of the former Secretary General. But, much to our dismay, nothing was found. The dictaphone recordings were prudently hidden by his son Sergei, only a few years ago they were partially voiced in Russia.
The most controversial Soviet leader played a difficult role for his country. The death of Khrushchev closed another round of the tragic stage of the Stalinist regime. He was his faithful servant, but it was he who put an end to Stalinism forever, leaving his country in a better state than he found.
