From the first grade, schoolchildren are introduced to various types of linguistic analysis. It all starts with the division of lexemes into syllables and sounds. In the second class, word parsing by composition is added. The sentence is the next unit that children need to become familiar with. Let's talk about how to properly parse and what difficulties you may encounter here.
Grammar basis
Sentence is a syntactic unit consisting of interconnected words. It conveys a relatively complete thought. Parsing a sentence by composition involves determining the roles that individual words perform.
It is recommended to start the analysis with highlighting the grammatical basis. It includes two sentence members:
- The subject that names the subject or object of speech. It answers the questions of the nominative case: "Who? What?". Most often, the subject is a noun (the cat is sleeping) orpronoun (I went). When parsing, this member of the sentence is underlined with one line.
- A predicate that tells what happened to the subject. Most often, he is asked the question: "What is he doing?", although other options are possible (What is he? What is he like?). Usually the verb acts as a predicate, but there are exceptions (This man is my father). Emphasize it with two lines.
Both main members or one of them can be present in the proposal. For example: "Winter. Dawn".
Minor Members
A grammatical basis is a necessary attribute of any sentence. But minor members are not always present. Before we analyze the composition of the proposal, let's remember them.
- Definition describes an object by naming its attributes. Questions are asked to him: "What / th / th / th?" or "Whose?". Most often, this role is played by adjectives or participles. When parsing, the definition is usually denoted by a wavy line.
- Addition concretizes information about the subject and answers the questions of any cases, except for the nominative (what? about whom? what?). Often they are nouns. Emphasize the addition with a dotted line.
- Circumstance tells about the features of the action: its purpose, place, reason, time, etc. This member of the sentence answers the questions: "How? Where? Where? Why? When? Where? Why?". Often expressed by nouns, adverbs, participles. Highlighted by a dotted line with dots.
Hard cases
What problems do students have when parsing a sentence by composition? Not everyone can clearly define the role of a particular word. Moreover, some members of the proposal can be asked two questions at once. For example: "lived (where? in what?) in the house." In this case, it is proposed to stop at one option.
Problems also arise with the definition of the role of various phrases (participial, adverbial). At school, it is customary to single them out as one member of the sentence. If there is direct speech in the utterance being analyzed, then it is considered a separate sentence.
Many questions are connected with official parts of speech. On the one hand, they are not members of the proposal. But they can be part of separate revolutions (bathing in the river) or predicates (let them come, I haven’t seen). In many Russian language textbooks, children are taught to underline prepositions along with the nouns they refer to. But the introductory words, appeals are not distinguished in any way.
Analysis of a proposal by composition: example
Let's see how this kind of parsing works in practice. Let's take a simple sentence that you can read in the picture.
- Find the subject. To do this, we use the question: "What?". The sentence refers to the sun, we emphasize this word. From above we mark the part of speech.
- What did the sun do? Illuminated. We found the predicate, it is expressed by the verb. Draw an arrow on top, sign the question.
- Now select secondary termssuggestions. When did it light up? In the morning. So we have a situation. Emphasize, sign the part of speech - a noun, draw an arrow from the predicate.
- Illuminated what? village. We found an object, and it is also expressed by a noun. We mark all this in a notebook, we denote it graphically.
- What village? Native. This adjective is a definition. Let's underline it with a wavy line, sign the question on top, as well as the part of speech.
Analysis of complex sentences
There was one grammatical stem in the above example. However, there may be more than one. Such sentences are called complex. One of them is in front of you in the picture. Let's analyze it by the members of the sentence.
- Finding grammatical foundations. What? Leaflet. This is the subject. What does the leaf do? Flies. Before us is the predicate. We underline them, sign the parts of speech. Read on for the proposal. What? Chill. As you can see, there are two subjects in the sentence. What does the cold do? Runs up. Second grammatical stem found.
- Find the boundaries of simple sentences, number each part from the top. You can delimit them with a vertical line.
- Separate secondary members first in one part of the sentence, and then in another. We denote them graphically. Signing parts of speech.
Deciphering a proposal by composition is not an easy task. Sometimes professional linguists cannot come to an unambiguous decision, defining the role of a particular word. However, with practice, it will give you everything.lighter and lighter. The main thing is not to be afraid of mistakes and be patient.
