A sentence cannot exist without a grammatical basis, but without secondary members it can. However, in this case, the speech will sound very dry and contain insufficient information. It is to clarify various details within a single sentence that additions, definitions and numerous types of circumstances serve.
Minor Members
Without a grammatical basis - a subject and a predicate - or at least one of them, a sentence cannot exist. Secondary members are optional for use. They serve to clarify information within one complete syntactic unit, without them the sentence is called non-common, and with them it is common.
Each minor member performs its own function, for example, the object denotes the object of the action, as opposed to the subject, which expresses the subject. The definition serves for clarifying information on the characteristics of objects or actors. It can also express a side effect in addition to the main one expressed by the predicate. Circumstances can mean a huge amount of different information. As a rule, they belong to the mainverb, that is, the predicate, and express the way it is done, time, place, etc. Depending on the type of information, there are different types of circumstances. It is worth dwelling on them in more detail.
Circumstances
As mentioned earlier, the main action expressed by the predicate can include a large amount of information. And most often this information is expressed by circumstances, which are indicated by underlining "dot-dash". The exact function of one or another member can be determined by the semantic issue, the analysis of the prepositions used, and some other features. Depending on these properties, the types of circumstance in Russian differ.
| Type | Questions | Prepositions | Examples |
| Time | when? from/until when? how long? | from, to, to, through, during, the day before, to be continued |
stay until morning; come early |
| Places | where? where? where? | y, from, for, around, between, beside, around, in front of, from under, because of, through |
live near the garden; leave home |
| Mode of action | how? how? | with, without, to |
read with delight; fight without fear; living within our means |
| Reasons | why? because of which? for what reason? | by, from, in view of, due to,thanks, due to |
absent due to illness; suffer from hunger |
| Goals | why? for what purpose? what for? | for, for, for, for, by |
live for love; go mushroom picking |
| Measures | how long? how much? how many times? | - |
call three times; leave forever |
| Degrees | how? to what extent? | - |
didn't like it at all; very angry |
| Comparisons | how? | as if |
sing like a nightingale; dance like a ballerina |
| Concessions | no matter what? despite what? | despite, in spite of |
came despite things; left against his will |
| Conditions | under what condition? | at | if you wish to visit |
Obviously, some types of circumstances are very similar, so it is not always possible to accurately determine their type by questions and prepositions. The most important and important thing is to learn to distinguish between them in accordance with the meaning they carry.
Word order
In English, sentences tend to line up according to a certain pattern. There, a direct word order is adopted, but in Russian it is free, and this is another problem that foreigners who decide to learn it face. As in mathematics, from changing the places of termsthe amount does not change, almost in our speech almost all words can be changed with each other, retaining the meaning. Of course, in fact, this is not entirely true, but there are no exact criteria.
As a rule, definitions are placed before the words to which they refer, but different types of circumstances can be found almost anywhere in the sentence. Although, for example, spatio-temporal types often tend to the beginning of the phrase, and those that are directly related to the verb are located next to it.
Common circumstances
Usually this term refers to sentences, but its minor members can also be such. Sometimes they can even be isolated, including being expressed by adverbial or comparative phrases. Most often, these include not the main types of circumstances, that is, time and place, but concessions, reasons, comparisons, etc. Phraseological units that will not be separated by commas can also play this role. The examples are simple:
- Contrary to forecasts of weather forecasters, the weather turned bad.
- While doing research, the scientist spent day and night at work.
- Her head was cut like a boy's.
- The work went like clockwork.
When analyzing, you should always use common sense first of all, because sometimes the same phrases can act as different members of a sentence (depending on the context).
About syntactic synonyms
Almost any turn can be partially abbreviated and transformed into another form, for example, if you are not sure how to punctuate a complex sentence. It is easiest to take various types of circumstances to simplify or complicate. Examples might be:
- I woke up when it was dawn. - I woke up at dawn.
- We called before we met. - We called before the meeting.
- He was absent because he was sick. - He was absent due to illness.
Thus the same information can be expressed in different ways using more complex or simpler forms.
