The Emirate of Bukhara is an administrative entity that existed from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century in Asia. Its territory was occupied by modern Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and part of Turkmenistan. During the war of Russia against the Emirate of Bukhara, the latter recognized vassal dependence on the empire and received the status of a protectorate. Consider further what this area was famous for.
History of the Emirate of Bukhara
The founder of the administrative entity was Mohammed Rakhimbiy. After his death, power passed to his uncle Danialbiy. However, he was a weak ruler, which caused discontent among the townspeople. In 1784 an uprising began. As a result, power passed to the son of Daniyalbiya Shahmurad. The new ruler began by eliminating two influential and corrupt dignitaries - Nizamuddin-kazikalon and Davlat-kushbegi. They were killed in front of the courtiers. After that, Shahmurad handed over to the townspeople a letter, according to which they were exempted from a number of taxes. Instead, a collection was established to maintain the army in case of war. In 1785, the monetaryreform that covered the entire Bukhara emirate. The coins were of two types: full-fledged silver and unified gold. Shahmurad began to personally head the judiciary. During his reign, he returned the left bank of the Amu Darya with Merv and Balkh. In 1786, Shahmurad suppressed unrest in the Kermine district, made successful trips to Khojent and Shakhrisabz. In addition, the war with Timur Shah (Afghan ruler) was successful. Shahmurad managed to save the southern part of Turkestan, where the Tajiks lived.
Feudal Wars
After receiving the throne by Emir Haidar (son of Shahmurad), mass uprisings and strife began. In 1800 unrest began among the Turkmens of Merv. Soon a war began with Kokand, during which Haidar managed to save Uratyube. The political system of the country during his reign was presented in the form of a centralized monarchy, approaching absolutism. The bureaucracy of Haidar consisted of 4 thousand people. The number of troops increased significantly. It numbered 12 thousand people.
Nasrullah's reign
The son of Haidar gained power almost without hindrance - Mir Umar and Mir Hussein, his elder brothers, were killed. Supported by the clergy and the army, Nasrullah began a tough fight against fragmentation, trying to curb the nobility. During the first month of his stay on the throne, he executed 50-100 people. daily. The new ruler sought to unite the regions that nominally comprised the Emirate of Bukhara. Rootless people were involved in the management of viloyats, who were completely obliged to him. had a negative impact on internalpolitics and life of the population, the conquest of the Kokand Khanate of the Emirate of Bukhara, the Khanate of Khiva. Wars during the reign of Nasrullah were almost continuous. The Khanate of Khiva and the Emirate of Bukhara fought over a number of border territories.
Offensive of the Red Army
As a result of hostilities, the Emirate of Bukhara was annexed to Russia. The year 1868 was a turning point in the existence of the territory. At that time, Muzaffar was the ruler. In March, he declared war on Russia. However, his army was defeated on May 2 by a detachment of General Kaufman. Later, the Russian army entered Samarkand. But it was not yet the official accession of the Emirate of Bukhara to Russia. The year 1873 was marked by the assignment of the territory controlled by the Red Army to the status of a protectorate. Dependence increased significantly during the reign of Abdulahad. The last person in power was Seyid Alim Khan. He was the ruler until the arrival of the Bolsheviks in 1920, since the Emirate of Bukhara had already been annexed to Russia as a result of the operation of the Red Army.
Administrative apparatus
The emir acted as head of state. He had virtually unlimited power. Kushbegi was in charge of collecting taxes. He was the chief vizier and managed the affairs of the country, corresponded with local beks, and also led the administrative apparatus. Every day kushbegi personally reported to the ruler about the situation in the country. The Chief Vizier appointed all but the highest officials.
The social structure of Bukharaemirate
The ruling class was divided into officials of the clergy - ulama and secular rank - Amaldar. The first included scientists - jurists, theologians, teachers of madrasas and others. The ranks were transferred to secular persons by the emir, and representatives of the spiritual class were elevated to one or another rank or rank. The first were 15, the second - 4. The divanbeks, kurbashi, yasaulbashi and rais were subordinate to the beks. Most of the population was represented by the taxable class. It was called fukara. The ruling class was the land-feudal nobility. It was called sarkarda or navkar under local rulers. During the Bukhara dominions, it was called amaldar or sipahi. In addition to the two main classes, there was a third. It was represented by people who were exempt from duties and taxes. This social stratum was quite numerous. It included imams, mullahs, mirzas, mudarrises and others. In the upper reaches of the Pyanj, the population was divided into two estates: the ruling class and taxable. The lower category of the former was navkar (chakar). They were elected or appointed by the shah or the world from people who had military or administrative skills. The ruler ruled the country in accordance with the rules of Sharia and traditional law. Under him, there were several dignitaries, each of whom was in charge of a specific branch of government.
Taxes and fees
Every year, the beks contributed a certain amount to the treasury and sent a fixed number of gifts. Among them were carpets, bathrobes, horses. After that, each bek became an independent ruler in his district. At the lowest level inadministration were aksakals. They performed police duties. The beks did not receive any money from the emir and had to independently support their administration on the funds left from the taxes of the population after paying the money to the treasury. A number of taxes were set for local residents. In particular, they paid in kind kharaj, which amounted to 1/10 of the harvest, tanap money from vegetable gardens and orchards, as well as zaket, which amounted to 2.5% of the price of goods. Nomads were allowed to pay the latter in kind. The tax for them was 1/40 of livestock (except for cattle and horses).
Administrative-territorial structure
The Emirate of Bukhara, the photo of the capital of which is presented in the article, was divided into beks. In them, the heads of administrations were either relatives of the ruler of the country, or persons who enjoyed his special confidence. The Bekstvos were divided into Amlyakdarstvos, Tumeni, etc. In the 19th century, the Emirate of Bukhara also included autonomous Shahstvos. For example, they included Darvaz, Karategin, who were independent and ruled by local rulers. On the Zap. There were 4 Shahs in Pamir. Each of them was divided into administrative territories - garden or panja. Each of them was headed by an aksakal. Arbab (headman) acted as the lowest administrative rank. As a rule, he was alone per village.
Housekeeping
Cattle breeding and agriculture were the main occupations of the population. Most of the population consisted of settled people. They formed an agricultural community. ATThe Emirate of Bukhara had many nomadic and semi-nomadic groups. They also cultivated areas near their winter camps. In most of the territory, the soil was fertile. Sandy loamy forest and loesslike clays were present here. With good irrigation, such soil produces a large crop. Summer is hot and dry almost throughout the country. In this regard, it was necessary to arrange artificial irrigation systems here. This, in turn, involved the installation of complex and large structures. If there were enough moisture, the agricultural community in the Bukhara Emirate could cultivate all the territory suitable for this. In fact, less than 10% was processed. At the same time, as a rule, such places were located near water sources. All running water, except for Vaht, Surkhan, Amu-Darya and Kafirnigan, was used for irrigation in full. On the listed rivers, the installation of irrigation facilities was required, which was inaccessible for individuals, and even for entire villages. Therefore, their waters for agriculture were used in small quantities.
Cultures
Irrigated fields cultivated:
- Alfalfa.
- Cotton.
- Tobacco.
- Fig.
- Wheat.
- Beans.
- Millet.
- Barley.
- Linen.
- Sesame.
- Marena.
- Mac.
- Hemp, etc.
Cotton was one of the most important agricultural products. Its production reached 1.5 million pounds. More than half of this volume was supplied to Russia. Since some crops matured quickly due tohigh temperatures in spring and summer, the fields were sometimes resown with legumes and other plants. Rice was cultivated only in areas rich in moisture.
Gardens and orchards
They were a significant help to the local population. Grapes of different varieties, quince, walnuts, apricots, watermelons, plums, melons, sometimes pears and apples were grown in vegetable gardens and orchards. Wine berries and mulberries were also cultivated. The latter provided cheap, and in some cases exceptional food in the form of ground and dried berries in the mountainous regions. In addition, cabbage, carrots, onions, cucumbers, capsicums, radishes, beets and other vegetables were grown in the gardens.
Cattle breeding
It was quite well developed, but not the same in different areas. On the plains and in the oases, where there is a predominantly sedentary population, pastoralism was not widespread. Animals were raised mainly by Uzbeks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz - nomadic peoples. They settled in the western steppes. Karakul sheep and camels were bred here. Cattle breeding was well developed in the eastern mountainous territories. In particular, pastures were located in the valleys of the Alai and Gissar ranges, in Darvaz and other areas. The population raised sheep, horses, goats and other livestock here. It was thanks to these territories that the Emirate of Bukhara was supplied with pack and slaughter animals. The cities of Karshi and Guzar acted as the main markets. Merchants flocked here from the plains. Formerly Emirate of Bukharafamous for thoroughbred and beautiful horses (karabairs, argamaks, etc.).
Industry
The Emirate of Bukhara is an agricultural country. There were no large factories and plants here. All products were made on the simplest machines or manually. The first place in the industry was occupied by the cotton industry. Local cotton was processed into coarse calico, chit and other materials. Almost everyone, except for the representatives of the elites, was dressed in them. Silk and semi-silk fabrics were popular materials. Wool was used mainly by nomads. Other developed industrial sectors include the manufacture of saddles, leather, shoes, pottery and metal utensils, plumbing and iron products, harness, vegetable oils and dyeing.
Trading
The Emirate of Bukhara occupied a fairly convenient geographical position. This favorably affected foreign trade. Merchants connected with the European part of Russia partially along the old caravan route through Orenburg and Kazalinsk. The main means of communication was the railway through Astrakhan and Uzun-Ada. Goods worth 12 million rubles were exported to Russia, and 10 million were brought in. A zakat (2.5% of the cost) is charged on imported products. From the exported goods, 5% was paid if the merchant was a citizen of Bukhara or another country, and 2.5% if he was Russian.
Flag
The state symbols of the Bukhara emirate were depicted on it. The flag was a rectangular panel of light green color. Along its shaft in Arabic writing in goldthe name of the emir was displayed in letters, and on the free edge - shahada (evidence of belonging to faith in Allah). Between these inscriptions there was a crescent and a star (five-pointed). They were above the "hand of Fatima" - a protective amulet. The border of the flag was orange with black ornaments. The shaft is painted green, with a golden crescent at the top.
Insignia
For the first time, the orders of the Emirate of Bukhara were introduced after receiving the status of a protectorate. This significant event provoked a number of significant changes in the internal life of the country. In particular, a system of awards for merit was introduced. The first insignia was the "Order of Noble Bukhara". It was established by Muzafar-an-Din in 1881. By 1882, some officers of the local army had the order. By 1893, it was divided into 8 degrees. In the same year it was updated. In accordance with the award order, a ribbon and a badge were introduced. Before one of the emir's trips, a whole stock of orders was made. During his journey, he gave away over 150 stars. At the same time, according to sources, a variety of people could become their owners - from bearers of the imperial family to journalists. After a while, the ruler began to distribute the order to his own subjects. By the beginning of the 20th century, it was difficult to find an official, bai, officer in Bukhara, who would not have a star on his robe. In addition, the award was often given to the Russians. The order was also received by merchants who traded with Bukhara. To do this, it was enough to make a small offering to a certain official. It is worth saying that the emir himself nevercalled the order a star. Although this definition was known to him. The second order was established by Abdalahad in the late 1890s. It looked like a star, had a ribbon and a badge. It was called "Sign of the Crown of the State of Bukhara". In 1898, another award was established - a tribute to the memory of Alexander III. It was called "Iskander Salis" ("Alexander's Sun"). This order was awarded only to high-ranking Russian officials. It was made of gold in the form of a star with 8 rays with an ornament. In the center was a circle, inside of which were placed 4 diamonds, located in the shape of a triangle, which meant the letter "A". In a small circle below it was the number III. She was also surrounded by diamonds. The orders of the Emirate of Bukhara were dated according to the Hijra (Muslim chronology). The production was carried out according to special patterns. Minting was done by the mint.
Communication routes
In the Emirate of Bukhara, wheeled roads were not very common. At the same time, those that were available were mainly located in the northwestern and northern sides of the country. Wheel communication was carried out on carts. They were carts on 2 high wheels with a wide stroke. The arba was perfectly adapted to bad roads. The movement and transportation of goods was carried out by caravan routes with the help of camels. Pack horses and donkeys were used to travel through the mountains. The Khanate was divided by the Hissar Range. To the northwest and north of it, transportation and communication were carried outmainly on carts and partly on packs, and to the south - only by packs. The latter is mainly due to the low cultural development of the area on the one hand and bad roads on the other. Almost all the main routes started from Bukhara. They served not only for internal communication, but also for communication with neighboring countries. The shortest road to Amu Darya goes to Kelif through Jam. Communication is carried out on carts. There is a ferry near Kelif. Here the channel of the Amu-Darya is not wide. However, in this place there is a great depth and a high speed of the current. Communication was also carried out along the crossing at Shir-Oba and Chushka-Guzar. These paths lead to Kabul, Mazar-i-Sherif and Balkh. In addition, it was possible to cross the river on the steamers of the flotilla. It consisted of 2 steamships and the same number of iron barges. The latter lifted up to 10 thousand pounds of cargo. Communication between Kerki, Chardzhui and Petro-Aleksandrovsky, however, was unsatisfactory. This was due to the large draft of the ships, the changeable fairway of the Amu Darya, its fast flow, and other factors. Used in transportation and kayuki. These native boats raised 300-1000 pounds. Down the river the movement was by oars, and up by tow line. At the same time, they traveled about 20 miles per day. The Samarkand section, which belongs to the Trans-Caspian railway, was almost entirely located in the Emirate of Bukhara, which favorably influenced its trade relations with Persia and Russia.
Army
The emirate's army includedstanding soldiers and militia. The latter was called out of necessity. When a ghazawat (holy war) was declared, all Muslims who could carry weapons were involved in the service. The infantry was attended by 2 companies of the emir's guard and 13 battalions. In total, there were 14 thousand people. The infantry was armed with smooth-bore and rifled trigger guns with bayonet-knives. In addition, there were many flint and matchlock weapons. The cavalry was attended by 20 regiments of Galabatyrs and 8 regiments of Khasabardars. They were armed with falconets, one for two, and acted as mounted skirmishers. In general, there were also about 14 thousand people. The artillery included 20 guns. After the Soviet power came to Bukhara, a gunpowder and cannon foundry were organized there. The soldiers received allowances partly in cash, partly in kind in the form of a certain amount of wheat.
Interesting facts
Natives of the Bukhara Khanate became the founders of a number of settlements located on the territory of the modern Omsk region. Subsequently, they made up the bulk of the population of this area. For example, the descendants of sheikhs, preachers of Islam from Central Asia in Siberia, founded Kazatovo.
