The verb in the school course of the Russian language is always considered after nominal words. There is a certain logic to this order of study. The grammatical features of the verb are unique because, unlike nouns, adjectives and numerals, this part of speech is conjugated. That is, the form of inflection, and, consequently, the morphological features, of the verb differ significantly from other significant words.
What is the uniqueness of this part of speech? What answer does Russian grammar give?
The verb denotes something that cannot be "touched". With the help of this group of words, the meaning of an action or, in a broader sense, a process is conveyed. In the lessons, for ease of perception, children are told only about one of the incarnations of the verb: that it answers the questions “what does it do?” or "what will he do?" one or the other object. But, for example, the words "sleep", "stand", "sit" denote rather a state, rather than an active action.
Be that as it may, the constant grammatical features of the verb are common to all units of this group.
The first morphological feature of this part of speech is the species. If a verb describes an action or process that implies completeness, then we have a perfective word.
- arrived - action completed - sov.v.;
- read - action will be completed - sov.v.
And vice versa, if completeness is not expected, then the verb is imperfect:
- I am writing - an action that does not imply completion - inconsistent in.;
- drawing - action unfinished - incomplete.
Such grammatical features of the verb as transitivity and reflexivity can be considered together. Actually, transitivity is the possibility of combining with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition (much less often - with words in R.p., for example, when negating):
- read the newspaper;
- crossed the river;
- built the building;
- did not write a letter.
Verbs that cannot be used in speech with words in C.p. without a preposition are intransitive:
- break the habit;
- hopefully;
- sympathize with a friend;
- value time.
Words that end in the postfixes "sya" or "sya" are reflexive. Having determined this characteristic of the verb, we can immediately conclude that it is intransitive:
- laughing at himself;
- washed his face with water;
- dissolved in acid;
- hold an opinion.
But the permanent grammatical features of the verb do not end there. As we remember, the uniqueness of this part of speech lies in its special change in persons and numbers. The conjugation of the verb is determined by the indefinite form, namely, by the end. From what type of inflection the verb belongs to, its inflections in the present and simple future tense depend. The second conjugation traditionally includes words that end in the infinitive "it", the first includes all other forms. At the same time, do not forget that, as in almost any rule, there are also exceptions here: 7 verbs with "et" and 4 with "at" belong to the second type.
So, such features of the verb as aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and conjugation are indicated in morphological analysis as constants.
