The morphology of the Russian language includes many interesting sections. This article is devoted to the consideration of the pronoun as a part of speech. The grammatical features of the pronoun, their features, the role in the sentence - all this is covered in the material.
Pronoun
In the morphological list of the Russian language, an important place belongs to the pronoun. This is the name of a part of speech that can replace any nominal part of speech without naming specific features of the word. The pronoun, the meaning and grammatical features of which will be indicated below, only indicates objects or phenomena, without giving them a direct name. For example, the noun house can be replaced with the pronoun he, the numeral twenty with the word how much, the adjective blue with the pronoun some, and so on.
Classification of pronouns by meaning
There are several classifications. So, on the basis of the meaning that the word carries, personal pronouns are distinguished (he, you, we), possessive (his, yours, ours), demonstrative (that, this, such), definitive (any, most, everyone), interrogative- relative (whichwhose, who), indefinite (someone, some, some), negative (nothing, nothing, none) and reflexive pronoun self. The grammatical features of a pronoun are indicated based on its meaning.
Personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative
The most common are personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. The grammatical features of personal pronouns are the presence of a category of a person, the ability to change in cases, the presence of a category of gender in the 3rd person. For example: He was in high spirits while fishing. The sentence contains a personal pronoun (y) he, which has such features as 3rd person (in the initial form - he), genitive, masculine.
The grammatical features of demonstrative pronouns (and possessive ones as well) are similar to those of an adjective: they also change by case, number and gender. For example, This house is his dream. The sentence contains the demonstrative pronoun this (singular, masculine, im. case) and the possessive pronoun it (singular, masculine, im. case). The reflexive pronoun does not change, it has a constant, traditional form - itself.
Definitive, indefinite, negative, interrogative-relative
The grammatical features of definitive pronouns are as follows: number, gender and case, dependent on the noun. These parts of speech are similar to possessive pronouns, but indicategeneralized sign. In a sentence, they agree with a noun. For example, every day was getting warmer. The pronoun each agrees with the noun in number, gender, case.
Interrogative-relative pronouns are used in questions and complex sentences as a brace. At the same time, the same word can be an interrogative pronoun in one context and a relative one in another: What do they say about new gadgets? (interrogative) - He was told what they say about new gadgets (relative). Such pronouns do not change, only who and what have the category of case.
Indefinite pronouns indicate the indefiniteness of something and are formed from interrogative ones by adding prefixes not - and something - or suffixes - something, - that, - or. Thus, the grammatical features of a pronoun depend on its meaning. Negative types of the parts of speech we are considering are also formed from interrogative ones, but are used for negation. For example: Some unknown sound was heard. There are two pronouns in the sentence: some - indefinite and nobody - negative.
Classification of pronouns by grammatical features
Replacing this or that part of speech, the pronoun corresponds to any of them. Therefore, pronouns-nouns, adjectives and numerals are distinguished, which indirectly name an object, sign or quantity.
Noun pronouns are those that can replace a noun,namely: personal pronouns, interrogative who and what, and negative, reflexive ones formed from them. They answer questions about nouns. In sentences, they are most often complements or subjects. The grammatical features of a pronoun-noun are indicated on the basis of its relation to one or another category by meaning. For example, personal have the categories of person, number, case, and negative, reflexive and indefinite pronouns-nouns are not customary to determine the person.
Pronouns-adjectives are those that answer the questions of adjectives and perform the syntactic role of definition. This is a large group of such parts of speech, which includes all possessives, some demonstratives (such, this, that and others), some interrogatives (which, whose) and indefinite and negative ones formed from them. The grammatical features of words from this category are similar to those of adjectives, that is, they have non-permanent categories of case, gender, number.
Pronouns-numerals include the interrogative word how much and the indefinite word so much, as well as the indefinite pronouns formed from them. Of the grammatical features, only change in cases is inherent in them.
Syntactic role of pronouns
It is easier to determine the grammatical features of a pronoun by the criterion of referring to one or another category by value. The parts of speech with which the pronoun is associated makes it easy to indicate its syntacticrole. So, in the sentence "She wrote them another letter" there are three pronouns that perform different functions: she (personal) - subject, them (personal) - object, other (attributive) - definition.
Questions help to correctly name a member of a sentence expressed by a pronoun. For example, Has anyone lived in your house before?. The question is who? - no one is the subject, in what house? yours is a definition. There are sentences that include only pronouns: These are they. E that is the subject, they are the predicate. There are several of them: they are an addition, several are the subject.
Morphological norms for the use of pronouns
Speaking about the grammatical norms of the use of pronouns in phrases or sentences, it is necessary first of all to note the most common mistake. These are three possessive pronouns her, them, him, which are often used incorrectly. For example, his, her, theirs is a gross violation of the norm of the Russian language.
The use of the pronouns he, they and she often requires the addition of the letter "n" at the beginning of the word: he - without him, she - near her, they - with them. This is required after the preposition. If there is no preposition, then the letter "n" is not needed in the word: they recognized him, asked her, saw them.
Pronoun and context
Pronouns perform substitution functions in sentences and texts. There are some grammatical inaccuracies associated with this. For example, Father went to the city. He was away. Was the father or the city far away? To the officecame the director, who is on the fifth floor. Office or director on the fifth floor? Especially often, ambiguity is observed when using the reflexive pronoun and the possessive pronoun your: The manager asked the manager to go to his office (whose office: manager or manager).
Pronouns in the exam paper
In the examination paper in the Russian language there are tasks where you need to know the grammatical features of a noun, verb and adjective. Pronouns are often included in tasks in violation of grammatical norms. The table below shows examples of such tasks.
| Quest | Answer |
|
Specify the variant with violation of the morphological norm:
|
take from him (correct usage: from him) |
|
Specify the variant with violation of the morphological norm:
|
their dacha (correct usage: theirs) |
|
Specify the variant with violation of the morphological norm:
|
his neighbor (correct usage: his) |
Often a pronoun performs intext, the role of a lexical means of communication between sentences. In the attestation work there are tasks to determine the means of communication of sentences in the text. For example, it is necessary to determine how the sentences are connected: Vasily went to the city for shopping weekly. From it he brought fruits, cereals and sweets. Answer: two personal pronouns. Or another example: It started raining today. This was unexpected. These sentences are connected using a demonstrative pronoun.
Thus, the grammatical features of the pronoun, the morphological norms of their use, you need to know to successfully pass the exam in Russian.
Interesting Pronoun Details
The history of the formation of pronouns as a part of speech is interesting and special. For example, I is the personal pronoun of the first person singular. It came from the Old Slavonic yaz, which probably reflected the first letter of the alphabet - az. Pronouns of the third person in the language were formed later than all. This is due to the fact that earlier there were demonstrative pronouns and, I, e, which referred to a third person. And modern third-person pronouns arose by the transition of words from one category to another: from demonstrative to personal. The history of the Russian language knows the period when there were three types of demonstrative pronouns. They were used depending on the distance of the subject from the speaker: s - close to the speaker, t - close to the interlocutor, he - absent during the conversation. The category of possessive pronouns is still being formed: in itthere are simple possessive forms (mine, mine), and interrogative (whose?), and indefinite (someone), and negative (nobody's).
