The First World War of 1914-1918 radically changed the face and fate of old Europe. It was this bloody, destructive and unparalleled at the time of the end of the conflict that finally determined the end of the old order that developed after the Napoleonic conquests, and became an important factor in the outbreak of the Second World War. What were the consequences of World War 1?
Parties to the conflict
During the First World War, the confrontation unfolded between the Atlanta military-political bloc, which included Great Britain, France and the Russian Empire (later a republic), and the allies (more than twenty states acted on the side of Atlanta) one by one side and the powers of the Quadruple Union (Second Reich, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and the Third Bulgarian Kingdom) on the other. European Albania, Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein and several other countries remained neutral.
Summary
The results of the conflict were disappointing for everyone. The consequences of World War 1 are (briefly) as follows:
- Human losses: Atlanta - 5.6 million out of 45 million mobilized, civilian - 7.9 million; opponents - 4.4 million out of 25.9 million soldiers, civilians - 3.4 million.
- The main territorial consequences of World War 1 are the redistribution of borders and the cessation of the existence of four powerful empires.
- Political results - the establishment of the United States as a world leader, the transition to a new legal system.
- Economic consequences - the decline of the national economy, the loss of national we alth. Amid the conflict, only two countries managed to improve their economic situation.
Quadruple Union casu alties
Austria-Hungary, after the declaration of war, mobilized 74% of the male population from 15 to 49 years old. For every thousand soldiers, on average, about 122 were killed by Atlanta and died from other causes on the battlefields. Human losses in terms of the entire population of the empire amounted to 18 people per thousand citizens.
In Germany, the number of mobilized was 81% of the total male population from 15 to 49 years. Most of the losses were among young people born in 1892-1895, thousands of Germans returned from the war disabled. For a thousand soldiers, the losses of the Second Reich were approximately 154 people, and if in terms of the entire population - 31 people per 1,000 citizens of the empire. In 1916 female mortality in Germanyincreased by 11% from the pre-war level, and by 1917 - by 30%. The main causes of death were diseases caused by chronic malnutrition.
Out of 685,000 Bulgarian soldiers, 88,000 died. The Ottoman Empire mobilized almost three million men (out of a population of 21.3 million), one in four of them died. In total, the powers of the Quadruple Alliance sent almost 26 million males to the war, one in six died on the battlefield (almost four and a half million men).
The casu alties of Atlanta and allies
British casu alties - more than seven hundred thousand soldiers out of almost five million; France - 1.3 million out of 6.8; Italy - 462 thousand out of almost six million; USA - 116 thousand out of 4.7 million; Russian Empire - 1.6 million people out of 15.3 million mobilized.
Damage to the global economy
The consequence of World War I was a reduction in sown areas by more than 22%, grain harvest - by 37% from pre-war years. In France alone, for example, almost eight thousand railway lines, almost five thousand bridges, twenty thousand factories and more than three hundred thousand residential buildings were destroyed during the hostilities.
Metal smelting has decreased by 43% from the pre-war level, and other industries have also suffered significantly. The public debt of Germany has grown 63 times, the UK - almost nine times. In 1921, three years after the establishment of peace, twenty thousand German marks were given for one pound sterling.
Territorial losses
The results and consequences of World War 1 are also expressed in a large-scale redistribution of the boundaries of the Old World. The Second Reich lost more than 13% of its territories, the Ottoman Empire (more precisely, not an empire, but Turkey) - 68%. Austria-Hungary ceased to exist altogether. Subsequently, Hungary settled down on 13% of the territory of the empire, Austria - on 12%. The remaining territories became part of Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Romania. Only 7% were “pinched off” from Bulgaria.
Russia, which was part of Atlanta, lost 15% of the territory. Some of them passed to Poland, some went to Latvia, Finland and Romania. Part of these lands in 1939-1940. returned the Soviet Union.
Political results
Following the results of the First World War, new states appeared on the map, and the United States became leaders. Europe, as the center of the colonial world, no longer existed, since four powerful empires disappeared: German, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman. It was after the First World War that a new legal system was laid in the world, class, ethnic and interstate contradictions aggravated, social processes that arose at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries turned out to be frozen.
Economic consequences
The economic consequences of World War 1 were a heavy burden for both the winners and the losers. Direct military losses amounted to more than two hundred billion US dollars, which was twelve times the gold reserves of European states. One third of the national we alth of the Old World wasdestroyed.
Only the US and Japan increased their income during the years of conflict. Japan has established a monopoly on trade in southeast Asia, and the US has established itself as a leader in the international arena. The national we alth of the States for 1914-1918 increased by 40% of the pre-war level, the volume of trade with other countries doubled, and the value of export products tripled.
Social consequences of World War 1 - hunger, crime, fatherlessness, increased rates of alcohol consumption and frequent illness.
