Academician Krylov is an outstanding domestic shipbuilder. He also became famous as a mathematician and mechanic, was an academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, a general of the fleet, a general for special assignments under the naval minister. It is considered one of the founders of the domestic modern school of shipbuilding, which was later developed by Pozdyunin, Papkovich, Shimansky. Author of classical works devoted to the theory of ship oscillations during waves, the theory of ship vibration and their unsinkability, structural mechanics of a ship, the theory of gyroscopes, mechanics and mathematical analysis, external ballistics. He is an Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the RSFSR, laureate of the Stalin Prize, Hero of Socialist Labor.
Biography of a scientist
Academician Krylov was born in 1863. He was born in the village of Visyaga on the territory of the Alatyrsky district near Simbirsk. This is the modern village of Krylovo in the Poretsky district of the Republic of Chuvashia. His father's name was NicholasAlexandrovich, and mother Sofya Viktorovna Lyapunova. He was an artillery officer, participated in the Crimean War. He received his education at public expense as the son of a participant in the Patriotic War, Alexander Alekseevich Krylov, who was wounded at Borodino and participated in the capture of Paris. Then he was awarded medals for military merit and an honorary weapon for courage.
Aleksey Nikolaevich was originally expected by the fate of a military man. However, he was greatly influenced by the numerous relatives of Filatov and Lyapunov, many of whom later became famous French and Russian scientists, doctors and composers.
Education
In 1878, Krylov became a student at the Naval College, from which he graduated with honors in 1884. After that, he began his career in a compass workshop located at the Hydrographic Department, which was led by Major General Ivan Petrovich Kolong, a specialist in marine navigation, the creator of the theory on compass deviation.
Aleksey Nikolayevich carried out his first scientific research exactly on the deviation of magnetic compasses. A topic that Kolong was actively interested in. As a result, the topic of gyrocompasses has become one of the key topics throughout his career.
In particular, in 1938-1940. he published works in which a full-fledged analysis of the theory of deviation of the magnetic complex was given, questions of the theory of gyroscopic compasses were considered, and the hero of our article also developed a theory of the effect of ship pitching on ship readingsinstruments, in particular a compass. These works were called "Perturbations of the compass readings that occur from the rolling of the ship in waves", "Provisions of the theory of compass deviation", "On the theory of the gyrocompass".
These studies of the academician and shipbuilder Krylov in 1941 were awarded the Stalin Prize. Scientists proposed a fundamentally new dromoscope system, which was able to automatically calculate the compass deviation.
Naval Academy in Nikolaev
But back to the main stages of the biography of Academician Krylov. Having worked with Kolong, having gained useful experience from him, in 1887 the hero of our article moved to the Franco-Russian factory. In parallel, he continues his studies at the Nikolaev Maritime Academy at the shipbuilding department. This topic interests him so much that he devotes all his free time to it without exception.
When Alexei graduated from the course in 1890, he stayed to work at the academy, where he himself conducted practical classes in mathematics, and later began to teach a course in ship theory.
Krylov himself later recalled that since 1887 it was shipbuilding that became his main speci alty. They perceived this as an application of mathematical science to all sorts of details of maritime navigation. In fact, after that, he also began to work as a teacher, he did not leave this activity almost until his death.
In the 1890s, the hero of our article became well known not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. The reason for this was the publication of his article en titled"The theory of ship pitching". It presented a whole theory that significantly developed and refined the work of an authoritative engineer at that time, the founder of ship hydrodynamics, William Froude.
In fact, the work of Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov was the first large-scale theoretical work written specifically in this area. The work was appreciated by his colleagues in many countries of the world. In 1896, the English Society of Naval Engineers elected him an honorary member. Two years later, academician shipbuilder Krylov was awarded a gold medal from the English Society of Ship Engineers. This was the first time in the society's history that such an honorary award had been presented to a foreigner.
Continuing work in this industry, Krylov is developing a theory of pacification or damping of pitch and roll. In particular, he is the first to offer gyroscopic roll damping. To date, this remains the most sought-after method of pacifying roll. The merit in this shipbuilder Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov.
Working with Admiral Makarov
The hero of our article continues to work in this area even with the onset of the 20th century. In particular, he closely cooperates with Admiral Stepan Osipovich Makarov, who was just working on issues of ship buoyancy. Makarov was a well-known polar explorer and oceanographer who calculated the theory of unsinkability, invented mine transport, and was considered a pioneer in the use of icebreakers. True, their cooperation did not last long: in 1904Makarov died in the Port Arthur area during the Russo-Japanese War.
During their work, they managed to develop several classic recommendations related to increasing the buoyancy of ships, which are also used by many in modern shipbuilding.
Moreover, over time, the shipbuilder Krylov described Makarov's early ideas, which were aimed at combating the trim or roll of a damaged ship by flooding the compartments that remained intact. Krylov noted that at that time this proposal seemed absurd to many naval officials, it took them about 35 years to make sure that the ideas of young Makarov were real and useful.
Telling even a brief biography of Krylov, it is necessary to mention that in 1900 he began to manage the pool for experiments. His work in this capacity ultimately gave a powerful impetus to the development of research work in the domestic fleet. In 1908, shipbuilder Alexei Krylov became the chief inspector of shipbuilding. In fact, he is the head of the shipbuilding department of the Marine Technical Committee and its chairman.
In 1910, shipbuilder Alexei Krylov received a position as an ordinary professor at the Naval Academy in Nikolaev, and at the same time devoted a lot of time to consultations at the B altic and Admir alty Shipyards. It was at these shipyards that the most modern Russian ships were built at that time.
Dreadnoughts
From 1911 to 1913, the hero of our article works in the status of an extraordinary professor at the Institute of Railway Engineers, and during the First Worldwar becomes the chairman of the government board at the Putilov factories. For example, he participates in the construction and design of the first Russian dreadnought battleships of the Sevastopol project.
"Sevastopol" is known as the Red Banner ship of the line, which was first launched in 1911 and put into operation in 1914. It was a ship of the domestic fleet, which managed to serve both in Russia and in the USSR. One of the four dreadnought ships of the same type of the B altic series, which were laid down in 1909. The rest were called "Petropavlovsk", "Poltava" and "Gangut".
All this time, the shipbuilder Krylov paid increased attention to the development and improvement of the domestic fleet, which demonstrated its weakness and backwardness during the Russo-Japanese War. Then the Russian naval forces suffered more than one crushing defeat, which clearly proved that the entire industry needed modernization.
Relevant projects in this direction were developed by academician-shipbuilder Krylov. So, in 1912, he prepared a report in which he argued the need to allocate five hundred million rubles for the reconstruction of the domestic fleet so that it would become combat-ready and modern. This report was made in the State Duma by Minister of Marine Ivan Konstantinovich Grigorovich, who eventually ensured the allocation of the necessary funds in full.
The shipbuilder A. N. Krylov himself was considered an experienced assistant in the affairs of the fleet for most of his career. Mostissues related to shipbuilding, he thoroughly understood, could substantiate his point of view scientifically and economically. He himself noted with regret that not all of his advice was heeded. In particular, the academic shipbuilder Krylov often liked to repeat that many of his advice were not heeded, saving the state more than the cost of the ship itself. At the same time, the hero of our article was often famous for his sharp tongue.
At the end of 1914 he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences, and two years later he was transferred to ordinary academicians in mathematical physics.
In 1916, Krylov headed the Main Physical Observatory, and later the Main Military Meteorological Directorate, known as Glavmet. Under the guidance of the scientist, a large-scale methodological activity was carried out. In particular, a regulation was developed explaining the rights and obligations of military hydrometeorologists assigned to the troops. He made efforts to abolish conscription into the active army for employees of the observatory. He considered this an important issue that needed to be resolved as soon as possible.
In February 1917, Krylov turned to the Field Inspector General of the Air Force and the Academy of Sciences with a request to release him from his post as head of the Main Military Meteorological Directorate, as he had accumulated high employment in other areas of scientific activity. In particular, it was about his lack of competence in the meteorological speci alty.
1917 became an important year in the biography of Alexei Nikolaevich Krylov. During this troubled time, he was appointed leaderphysical laboratory of the Academy of Sciences. And since 1918 he became a consultant to the commission of special artillery experiments. The Soviet government highly appreciated the experience and knowledge of the hero of our article, Krylov himself was also not against cooperation with the Bolsheviks, under which his career advancement only continued. It is worth noting that few people in our country succeeded in that turbulent time. From 1919 to 1920 Alexey Nikolaevich headed the Naval Academy.
Cooperation with Soviet Russia
In 1917, another significant event occurred in the biography of the shipbuilder Krylov, which was associated with his appointment to the post of head of the Russian Society of Trade and Shipping.
After the end of the October Revolution, he decides to transfer all the courts to the Soviet government, which was in power. Continues to work on the development of the domestic fleet.
In 1921 he was sent to Great Britain as a representative of the Soviet shipping company in order to restore lost foreign ties in science. After that, he returned to the Soviet Union only in 1927.
For several years after his return from a long trip abroad, Krylov was director of the Physics and Mathematics Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences, leaving this post in 1931.
Articles of a scientist
The works of Academician Krylov at this time are already of great importance. He publishes several papers on hydrodynamics, amongwhich his theory of the movement of the ship in shallow water. Aleksey Nikolaevich becomes the first who managed to calculate and reasonably explain the significant increase in hydrodynamic resistance at certain depths. He also writes several policy papers on the theory of unit waves.
In total, the scientist becomes the author of about three hundred articles and books that cover the widest possible range of human knowledge - from magnetism and shipbuilding, to mathematics, artillery, geodesy and astronomy. Among the works of Academician Krylov, his popular unsinkability tables are still actively used by modern sailors.
Shortly after that, Alexey publishes his well-known work, which de alt with the problems of calculating the coefficients of the characteristic polynomial for a certain matrix. Today this concept is known as the Krylov subspace or the Krylov subspace method. He gave his name to an important concept in linear algebra. In this work, the scientist deals with the efficiency of calculations, in particular, he manages to define computational costs as the number of separate and specific operations during multiplication. This is an extremely atypical phenomenon for the development of mathematics in 1931. Krylov carefully compared all existing methods, including an estimate of the worst possible scenario of computational costs in the Jacobi method. Then he prepared a universal method, which turned out to be the most advanced of all that were known at that time. It is still widely used today.
When the Great Patriotic War began, Krylov resisted his own sending toevacuation, but he was nevertheless taken to Kazan. He returned to Leningrad at the end of the summer of 1945. While on the home front, he wrote his memoir, My Memoirs.
It is noteworthy that in 1944, when the photo of Alexei Krylov was already well known to everyone, he participated in the future of the Physics Department of Moscow State University. He signed the famous letter of four academicians, the author of which was the scientist Abram Fedorovich Ioffe. It was a message addressed to the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov. In fact, it initiated the successful resolution of many years of confrontation between the so-called "university" and "academic" physics.
In October 1945, Krylov died at the age of 82. He was buried at the Volkovo cemetery. Nearby are the graves of Mendeleev and Pavlov.
Private life
Krylov was married. His chosen one is Elizaveta Dmitrievna Dranitsyna. In marriage, they had five children. The first children were two girls who died in infancy. Then the sons Alexei and Nikolai were born. During the Civil War, they fought in parts of the White Army on the side of Denikin. Both were killed in 1918.
The youngest daughter Anna was born in 1903. At the age of 24, she married the physicist and innovator Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, who was well acquainted with her father. They worked together on a commission that the Soviet government sent abroad to restore scientific ties and purchase the necessary modern equipment.
Already in adulthood, Alexei Nikolaevich had a romantic relationship with Anna Bogdanovna Feringer. As a result, the family broke up, the scientist married a second time. He had no children in this marriage. Krylov's daughter Anna had two sons. The grandchildren of the hero of our article have become famous scientists. These are the physicist, educator, host of the popular science program "Obvious - Incredible" Sergei Petrovich Kapitsa and geographer, Honored Professor of Moscow University Andrei Petrovich Kapitsa.
Science popularizer
Krylov himself, like his popular grandson, who became a TV presenter, actively sought to promote science to the masses. Being an outstanding mechanic and mathematician, inventor, engineer and teacher, he sought to popularize scientific knowledge. In particular, the hero of our article lectured on the theory of shipbuilding for future engineers, having a unique ability to express complex things in the simplest possible words.
His translation into Russian of the "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" by the Englishman Isaac Newton remains popular to this day. The main thing is that you do not have to be a narrow specialist in this field to read it.
Krylov wrote many popular science books. Although they were originally intended for specialists, he also tried to present all the information in them in a popular science style.
Responsibly and seriously, he treated all his performances, no matter what audience gathered in front of him. It is thanks to this scientist that many techniques andengineers went to improve their professional training, and as a result they became innovators and inventors in their field of activity, and even joined the high culture.
Memory
In memory of the hero of our article, busts and monuments were erected, settlements and even a crater on the Moon were named.
Known to the NTO of shipbuilders Krylov. This is a scientific and technical society that bears his name. It is part of the structure of the Moscow Aviation Institute. A well-known full-length monument to the shipbuilder was erected in Cheboksary, the bust is located in front of the entrance to Sevmashvtuz (a branch of the Northern Arctic Federal University in Severodvinsk), at the Northern River Station in Moscow, and there is a memorial museum in his homeland in the Chuvash village.
The award, named after the famous academician, is awarded for outstanding achievements in computer technology in solving problems in mathematical physics and mechanics at the Russian Academy of Sciences, the government of St. Petersburg presents the Krylov award for scientific work in the field of technical sciences.
Astronomer of the Crimean Astrophysical Laboratory Lyudmila Karachkina named an asteroid discovered in 1982 in honor of Krylov. In honor of his daughter and wife Kapitsa, a minor planet known as Wings is named. Finally, there is the research oceanographic vessel Akademik Krylov, which was part of the Russian fleet from 1972 to 2004.
