It is natural and correct to be interested in the world around and the laws of its functioning and development. That is why it is reasonable to turn your attention to the natural sciences, for example, physics, which explains the very essence of the formation and development of the Universe. The basic physical laws are easy to understand. At a very young age, the school introduces these principles to children.
For many, this science begins with the textbook "Physics (Grade 7)". The basic concepts and laws of mechanics and thermodynamics are revealed to schoolchildren, they get acquainted with the core of the main physical laws. But should knowledge be limited to the school bench? What physical laws should every person know? This will be discussed later in the article.
Science Physics
Many nuances of the described science are familiar to everyone from early childhood. And this is due to the fact that, in essence, physics is one of the areas of natural science. It tells about the laws of nature, the action of whichinfluences the life of everyone, and in many ways even provides it, about the features of matter, its structure and patterns of motion.
The term "physics" was first recorded by Aristotle in the fourth century BC. Initially, it was synonymous with the concept of "philosophy". After all, both sciences had a common goal - to correctly explain all the mechanisms of the functioning of the Universe. But already in the sixteenth century, as a result of the scientific revolution, physics became independent.
General Law
Some of the basic laws of physics apply to various branches of science. In addition to them, there are those that are considered to be common to all nature. It is about the law of conservation and transformation of energy.
It implies that the energy of each closed system, when any phenomena occur in it, is certainly conserved. Nevertheless, it is able to transform into another form and effectively change its quantitative content in various parts of the named system. At the same time, in an open system, the energy decreases, provided that the energy of any bodies and fields that interact with it increases.
In addition to the above general principle, physics contains the basic concepts, formulas, laws that are necessary for interpreting the processes occurring in the world. Exploring them can be incredibly exciting. Therefore, in this article, the basic laws of physics will be briefly considered, and in order to understand them deeper, it is important to pay full attention to them.
Mechanics
Many basic laws of physics are revealed to young scientists in grades 7-9 of the school, where such a branch of science as mechanics is more fully studied. Its basic principles are described below.
- Galileo's law of relativity (also called the mechanical law of relativity, or the basis of classical mechanics). The essence of the principle lies in the fact that under similar conditions, mechanical processes in any inertial reference frames are completely identical.
- Hooke's Law. Its essence is that the greater the impact on an elastic body (spring, rod, console, beam) from the side, the greater its deformation.
Newton's laws (represent the basis of classical mechanics):
- The principle of inertia says that any body is capable of being at rest or moving uniformly and rectilinearly only if no other bodies affect it in any way, or if they somehow compensate for each other's action. To change the speed of movement, it is necessary to act on the body with some force, and, of course, the result of the impact of the same force on bodies of different sizes will also differ.
- The main pattern of dynamics states that the greater the resultant of the forces that currently act on a given body, the greater the acceleration received by it. And, accordingly, the greater the body weight, the lower this indicator.
- Newton's third law states thatany two bodies always interact with each other in an identical pattern: their forces are of the same nature, are equivalent in magnitude, and necessarily have the opposite direction along the straight line that connects these bodies.
- The principle of relativity states that all phenomena occurring under the same conditions in inertial frames of reference pass in an absolutely identical way.
Thermodynamics
A school textbook that reveals to students the basic laws ("Physics. Grade 7"), introduces them to the basics of thermodynamics. We will briefly review its principles below.
The laws of thermodynamics, which are basic in this branch of science, are of a general nature and are not related to the details of the structure of a particular substance at the atomic level. By the way, these principles are important not only for physics, but also for chemistry, biology, aerospace engineering, etc.
For example, in the named industry there is a rule that cannot be logically determined, that in a closed system, the external conditions for which are unchanged, an equilibrium state is established over time. And the processes that continue in it invariably compensate each other.
Another rule of thermodynamics confirms the desire of a system, which consists of a colossal number of particles characterized by chaotic motion, to independently transition from less probable states for the system to more probable ones.
And the Gay-Lussac law (also called the gas law) states that for a gas of a certain mass under conditions of stable pressure, the result of dividing its volume byabsolute temperature necessarily becomes a constant value.
Another important rule of this industry is the first law of thermodynamics, which is also called the principle of conservation and transformation of energy for a thermodynamic system. According to him, any amount of heat that was communicated to the system will be spent exclusively on the metamorphosis of its internal energy and the performance of work by it in relation to any acting external forces. It was this regularity that became the basis for the formation of a scheme for the operation of thermal engines.
Another gas regularity is Charles' law. It says that the greater the pressure of a certain mass of an ideal gas, while maintaining a constant volume, the greater its temperature.
Electricity
Discovers interesting basic laws of physics for 10th grade school for young scientists. At this time, the main principles of nature and the laws of action of electric current, as well as other nuances, are being studied.
Ampère's Law, for example, states that conductors connected in parallel, through which current flows in the same direction, inevitably attract, and in the case of the opposite direction of current, respectively, repel. Sometimes the same name is used for a physical law that determines the force acting in an existing magnetic field on a small section of a conductor that is currently conducting current. It is called so - the power of Ampere. This discovery was made by a scientist in the first half of the nineteenth century (namely, in 1820).
Lawcharge conservation is one of the basic principles of nature. It states that the algebraic sum of all electric charges arising in any electrically isolated system is always conserved (becomes constant). Despite this, the named principle does not exclude the appearance of new charged particles in such systems as a result of certain processes. Nevertheless, the total electric charge of all newly formed particles must necessarily be equal to zero.
Coulomb's law is one of the basic in electrostatics. It expresses the principle of the force of interaction between fixed point charges and explains the quantitative calculation of the distance between them. Coulomb's law makes it possible to substantiate the basic principles of electrodynamics in an experimental way. It says that immobile point charges will certainly interact with each other with a force that is the higher, the greater the product of their magnitudes and, accordingly, the smaller, the smaller the square of the distance between the charges under consideration and the permittivity of the medium in which the described interaction occurs.
Ohm's Law is one of the basic principles of electricity. It says that the greater the strength of the direct electric current acting in a certain section of the circuit, the greater the voltage at its ends.
"The right hand rule" is a principle that allows you to determine the direction in the conductor of current moving under the influence of a magnetic field in a certain way. To do this, it is necessary to position the right hand so that the lines of magnetic inductionfiguratively touched the open palm, and extended the thumb in the direction of the conductor. In this case, the remaining four straightened fingers will determine the direction of the induction current.
Also, this principle helps to find out the exact location of the lines of magnetic induction of a straight conductor that conducts current at the moment. It happens like this: place the thumb of the right hand in such a way that it indicates the direction of the current, and with the other four fingers figuratively grasp the conductor. The location of these fingers will demonstrate the exact direction of the magnetic induction lines.
The principle of electromagnetic induction is a pattern that explains the process of operation of transformers, generators, electric motors. This law is as follows: in a closed circuit, the generated electromotive force of induction is the greater, the greater the rate of change of the magnetic flux.
Optics
The branch "Optics" also reflects part of the school curriculum (basic laws of physics: grades 7-9). Therefore, these principles are not as difficult to understand as it might seem at first glance. Their study brings with it not just additional knowledge, but a better understanding of the surrounding reality. The basic laws of physics that can be attributed to the field of study of optics are as follows:
- Guynes principle. It is a method that allows you to efficiently determine at any given fraction of a second the exact position of the wave front. Its essence is as follows:all points that are in the path of the wave front in a certain fraction of a second, in essence, become sources of spherical waves (secondary) in themselves, while the placement of the wave front in the same fraction of a second is identical to the surface that goes around all spherical waves (secondary). This principle is used to explain the existing laws related to the refraction of light and its reflection.
- The Huygens-Fresnel principle reflects an effective method for resolving issues related to wave propagation. It helps to explain the elementary problems associated with the diffraction of light.
- The law of wave reflection. It is equally used for reflection in the mirror. Its essence lies in the fact that both the falling beam and the one that was reflected, as well as the perpendicular constructed from the point of incidence of the beam, are located in a single plane. It is also important to remember that the angle at which the beam falls is always absolutely equal to the angle of refraction.
- Principle of refraction of light. This is a change in the trajectory of an electromagnetic wave (light) at the moment of movement from one homogeneous medium to another, which differs significantly from the first in a number of refractive indices. The speed of light propagation in them is different.
- The law of rectilinear propagation of light. At its core, it is a law related to the field of geometric optics, and is as follows: in any homogeneous medium (regardless of its nature), light propagates strictly rectilinearly, along the shortest distance. This law explains education in a simple and understandable way.shadows.
Atomic and nuclear physics
The basic laws of quantum physics, as well as the basics of atomic and nuclear physics, are studied in high schools and universities.
Thus, Bohr's postulates are a series of basic hypotheses that have become the basis of the theory. Its essence is that any atomic system can remain stable only in stationary states. Any radiation or absorption of energy by an atom necessarily occurs using the principle, the essence of which is as follows: the radiation associated with transport becomes monochromatic.
These postulates refer to the standard school curriculum that studies the basic laws of physics (grade 11). Their knowledge is mandatory for the graduate.
Basic laws of physics that a person should know
Some physical principles, although they belong to one of the branches of this science, nevertheless are of a general nature and should be known to everyone. We list the basic laws of physics that a person should know:
- Archimedes' Law (refers to the fields of hydro- and also aerostatics). It implies that any body that has been immersed in a gaseous substance or in a liquid is subject to a kind of buoyant force, which is necessarily directed vertically upwards. This force is always numerically equal to the weight of the liquid or gas displaced by the body.
- Another formulation of this law is as follows: a body immersed in a gas or liquid will certainly lose as much weight aswas the mass of the liquid or gas in which it was immersed. This law became the basic postulate of the theory of swimming bodies.
- Law of universal gravitation (discovered by Newton). Its essence lies in the fact that absolutely all bodies are inevitably attracted to each other with a force that is the greater, the greater the product of the masses of these bodies and, accordingly, the less, the smaller the square of the distance between them.
These are the 3 basic laws of physics that everyone who wants to understand the mechanism of the functioning of the surrounding world and the features of the processes occurring in it should know. Understanding the principle of their action is quite simple.
The value of such knowledge
The basic laws of physics must be in the baggage of knowledge of a person, regardless of his age and occupation. They reflect the mechanism of existence of all today's reality, and, in essence, are the only constant in a continuously changing world.
Basic laws, concepts of physics open up new opportunities for studying the world around us. Their knowledge helps to understand the mechanism of the existence of the Universe and the movement of all cosmic bodies. It turns us not just onlookers of daily events and processes, but allows us to be aware of them. When a person clearly understands the basic laws of physics, that is, all the processes taking place around him, he gets the opportunity to control them in the most effective way, making discoveries and thereby making his life more comfortable.
Results
Some are forced to deepenstudy the basic laws of physics for the Unified State Examination, others - by occupation, and some - out of scientific curiosity. Regardless of the goals of studying this science, the benefits of the knowledge gained can hardly be overestimated. There is nothing more satisfying than understanding the basic mechanisms and patterns of the existence of the surrounding world.
Don't be indifferent - evolve!
