The introduction of new federal standards has affected not only schools and universities, but also the very first educational step - kindergartens. This was reflected in the emergence of new goals and attitudes regarding the development of a preschool child, a change in emphasis from "education" to "development", and the restructuring of the regulatory framework. And if the basic law by which the state lives is the Constitution, then the activities of a modern kindergarten are based on the provisions of the Basic Educational Program of Preschool Education (BEP). What is it based on and how is it related to the standard?
Federal State Standard for Preschool Education
Its adoption was a direct consequence of the new law on education in 2013. Preschool education has become a stage of general education, which required bringing its main guidelines in line with the ideas of the activity approach that prevail in the already introduced standards. The new provisions were supposed tothe postulate of the intrinsic value of preschool childhood, ensuring the quality of work of kindergartens and the variability of educational programs.
Basic principles of the standard:
- respect for the personality of the child and the developmental nature of the interaction between the pupil and the adult;
- using age-appropriate practices.
There are a number of regulations that define the principles of preschool education. One of them is the state program "Development of preschool education for 2013-2020". It is aimed at modernizing the developing environment and meeting the educational needs of preschoolers.
Basic pre-school education program
This is a mandatory regulatory document on the basis of which the work of the kindergarten is based. The approved program becomes the basis for licensing, changing the principles of financing, providing additional services in the field of training and development. Its provisions define a number of basic features of preschool education - content, targets, volume, requirements for the conditions in which work with children takes place.
The tasks of the main educational program of preschool education include the definition of key areas of teaching activities, technologies of the educational process. OOP aims at:
- creation of an objective environment conducive to the socialization of pupils;
- development and improvement of the child's creative skills in cooperation with peers and adults;
- support diversitychildren's activities.
The implementation of the main general educational programs of preschool education provides for the variability of the forms of child development, the principles of organizing the work of kindergartens.
How it is created and approved
The standard specifies requirements for:
- program structure;
- conditions and features of its implementation;
- to the results of development.
The development of the main educational program of preschool education is carried out by the kindergarten team. It includes a mandatory part and an optional part. The first is based on one of the exemplary programs approved by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, the second is formed by the working group of the kindergarten, based on working conditions, regional characteristics, etc. At the same time, the team can seek advice from the methodologists of the preschool education department. At least 60% of the main program is the mandatory part, the share of elements developed by the educational organization accounts for no more than 40%.
The program is adopted by the decision of the pedagogical council of the kindergarten for 5 years (with the right to make changes annually).
What is it made of?
The main program includes three mandatory parts:
- introductory section (brief explanatory note, definition of goals and objectives, formulation of planned results);
- meaningful section (characteristics of educational activities in the main areas, forms and methods of development, methods of correctivework);
- organizational section (indicators of logistics, daily routine, list of events, methodological materials).
The content of the main educational program of preschool education includes the following areas of child development:
- cognitive;
- verbal;
- social-communicative;
- physical;
- artistic and aesthetic development.
At the same time, the regional department of preschool education has the right to monitor the quality of the educational process and the compliance of the program with the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard.
Sample program
In 2015, the members of the educational and methodological association of the Russian Federation approved the Approximate basic program of preschool education, which became a guideline for the development of variable copyright programs. While the standard defines targets, the sample program provides examples of means and ways to achieve them. She presents a general model of the development process in kindergarten, six age development standards, the content of educational work in five main educational areas, and the subject environment.
The program contains the necessary sections, defines the main types of children's activities in each area of development, taking into account age indicators:
- communicative;
- playing;
- educational research;
- motor;
- household;
- musical;
- pictorial.
Its sections include advice ondevelopmental assessment and pedagogical diagnostics. The modular nature of the sample program allows you to create your own version based on the materials of a number of existing copyright programs.
Assortment of programs
Today, the register of educational programs of preschool education that meet the requirements of the standard, the provisions of the exemplary program, includes a significant number of author's developments. Allocate complex and partial (aimed at the development of a particular type of activity or the correction of certain violations). Approved comprehensive educational programs include products from major publishers:
- "Enlightenment" ("Rainbow", "Success");
- "Mosaic-Synthesis" ("From birth to school", "Opening");
- "National Education" ("Inspiration", "Montessori Kindergarten");
- "Childhood-press" ("Childhood");
- "Ventana Graf" ("Pathways").
Among the partial programs are the following:
- "Our home is nature", "Spider web" (environmental education);
- "Semitsvetik", "Harmony", "Integration" (creative and aesthetic development);
- "I, you, we", "Heritage" (socio-cultural aspect);
- "Sparkle", "Start" (physical development).
Birth to School
This basic educational program of preschool education was developed by a creative team of professional teachers led by N. Ye. Veraksa, M. A. Vasilyeva, V. V. Herbova.
Created on the basis of a traditional education program, educating preschoolers, adapted for domestic kindergartens. Priority goal: strengthening the he alth of the child (including psychological), moral education, preparation for school. Particular attention at each age stage is given to the individual creative development of pupils. The main directions of training and education are developed taking into account the psychological and physical age characteristics. The focus remains on regional characteristics and the need to prepare for schooling, the use of he alth-saving technologies.
The program provides for the variability of its implementation by teachers in practice.
Rainbow
The team of authors of the program: Doronova T. N., Gerbova V. V., Solovieva E. V. By analogy with a natural phenomenon, the program lists seven types of activities that are important for child development: play, mathematical exercises, visual activity, music, speech development, construction, acquaintance with the outside world.
Main goals of the program:
- preserving and strengthening the he alth of the child, the formation of appropriate skills;
- full emotional and physical development;
- creating a favorable atmosphere while the child is in kindergarten.
Great attention is paid to creating motivation in children, which is necessary in any kind of activity. Threetype of motivation: playful, communicative, striving for personal success. The authors believe that the development of such qualities as purposefulness, independence and upbringing is a priority for preschool age.
Childhood
Another example of a popular educational program for Russian kindergartens. Authors: V. I. Loginova, N. A. Notkina, T. I. Babaeva. The program is aimed at the emotional, physical, moral, intellectual, volitional development of a preschool child.
Based on the principles of humanistic and personality-oriented pedagogy. Includes three levels corresponding to the younger, middle, older age groups. The content of the program is formed around four main blocks:
- knowledge;
- he althy lifestyle;
- creation;
- humane treatment.
The section "Self-knowledge" (attitude towards oneself) is allocated as a separate block. Much attention is paid to acquaintance with arts and crafts and oral folk art.
