Microscopic particles that human vision can only see with a microscope, as well as huge planets and clusters of stars amaze the imagination of people. Since ancient times, our ancestors have tried to comprehend the principles of the formation of the cosmos, but even in the modern world there is still no exact answer to the question “how the Universe was formed”. Perhaps the human mind is not given to find a solution to such a global problem?
Scientists of different eras from all over the Earth tried to comprehend this secret. The basis of all theoretical explanations are assumptions and calculations. Numerous hypotheses put forward by scientists are designed to create an understanding of the Universe and explain the emergence of its large-scale structure, chemical elements and describe the chronology of origin.
String theory
This hypothesis to some extent refutes the Big Bang as the initial moment of the emergence of elements of outer space. According to the theorystrings, the universe has always existed. The hypothesis describes the interaction and structure of matter, where there is a certain set of particles that are divided into quarks, bosons and leptons. In simple terms, these elements are the basis of the universe, since their size is so small that division into other components has become impossible.
A distinctive feature of the theory of how the universe was formed is the statement about the above particles, which are ultramicroscopic strings that are constantly vibrating. Individually, they do not have a material form, being the energy that together creates all the physical elements of the cosmos. An example in this situation is fire: looking at it, it seems to be matter, but it is intangible.
The Big Bang is the first scientific hypothesis
The author of this assumption was the astronomer Edwin Hubble, who in 1929 noticed that galaxies are gradually moving away from each other. The theory claims that the current large universe arose from a particle that had a microscopic size. The future elements of the universe were in a singular state, in which it is impossible to obtain data on pressure, temperature or density. The laws of physics under such conditions do not affect energy and matter.
The cause of the Big Bang is called the instability that arose inside the particle. Peculiar fragments, spreading in space, formed a nebula. After some time, these smallestthe elements formed the atoms from which the galaxies, stars and planets of the universe emerged as we know them today.
Cosmic inflation
This theory of the birth of the Universe claims that the modern world was originally placed in an infinitesimal point, which is in a state of singularity, which began to expand with incredible speed. After a very short period of time, its increase already exceeded the speed of light. This process is called "inflation".
The main task of the hypothesis is to explain not how the Universe was formed, but the reasons for its expansion and the concept of a cosmic singularity. As a result of working on this theory, it became clear that only calculations and results based on theoretical methods are applicable to solve this problem.
Creationism
This theory dominated for a long time until the end of the 19th century. According to creationism, the organic world, mankind, the Earth and the greater Universe as a whole were created by God. The hypothesis originated among scientists who did not refute Christianity as an explanation for the history of the universe.
Creationism is the main opponent of evolution. All nature, created by God in six days, which we see every day, was originally like this and remains unchanged to this day. That is, self-development as such did not exist.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the accumulation of knowledge in the field of physics, astronomy, mathematics and biology began to accelerate. With the help of new information, scientists are making repeated attempts to explain how the universe was formed, thereby relegating creationism to the background. In the modern world, this theory has taken the form of a philosophical current, consisting of religion as a basis, as well as myths, facts and even scientific knowledge.
Stephen Hawking's Anthropic Principle
His hypothesis as a whole can be described in a few words: there are no random events. Our Earth today has more than 40 characteristics, without which life on the planet would not exist.
American astrophysicist H. Ross estimated the probability of random events. As a result, the scientist received the number 10 with a power of -53 (if the last digit is less than 40, chance is considered impossible).
The observable universe contains a trillion galaxies, each containing approximately 100 billion stars. Based on this, the number of planets in the Universe is 10 to the twentieth power, which is 33 orders of magnitude less than in the previous calculation. Consequently, there are no places in the entire cosmos with conditions as unique as those on Earth that would allow life to spontaneously arise.
