Since ancient times, people were attracted by everything magical, inexplicable. I was fascinated by the reflection of objects in the mirror, attracted by the symmetry, which often manifests itself in nature. With the advent of writing, a new path for big and small discoveries appeared - a bewitching symmetry of numbers, letters and signs. Initially, this phenomenon was given a sacred meaning. Some people tried to give their children names that were read the same on both sides: Alla, Anna, Lol, Nathan - it was believed that this brings happiness. Ancient Slavic runes were written in a circle or in the form of a five-pointed star, they could be read with any letter, and this gave them a special, magical meaning. Letter combinations, numbers, signs, words that could be read in several directions, people agreed to call palindromes.
Verbal palindromes
Palindrome (from Greek - "running back") - these are words,texts or some verbal constructions that are equally (or with some allowable deviations) read letter by letter on both sides. Shifting words are quite common in Russian. Most often, these are nouns that carry a serious semantic load: pop, Cossack, radar, lump, stomp, revolver, etc. The same picture is observed in other languages - Chinese, Udmurt, Tatar, Spanish, German, French. Literary works are created from palindromes: poems, poems, even novels.
Straight-walker and shell-walker
The plain text of a palindrome is one that is read in accordance with the normal reading order for a given script. In all types of Latin and Cyrillic writing, the direction from left to right is called forward, and the reverse, from right to left, is called reverse, or cancer. In the 17th-18th centuries in Russia, phrases and shifting words were called "crayfish verses" and most often were of a comic nature. Later, in Russian linguistic practice, the palindrome began to be called an inversion (according to V. Khlebnikov), however, upon strict consideration, these verbal constructions still differ. Synonyms for the term "palindrome" are also the concepts of "amphirithme" (V. Rybinsky) and "self-rhyme" (S. Kirsanov). Everyone knows the palindrome-aphorism of Valery Bryusov: "I am the arch of the edge."
Monopalindrome and multiline palindrome
Palindromes are written in prose or in the form of verse, that is, they are broken into lines. Turnaround phrases are neither verse nor prose, they can be attributed to aphorisms: "Muse, woundedwith an awl of experience, you will pray for reason."
Sometimes the word-palindrome is used in the title of a literary work. For example, A. Voznesensky's book of poems was called "The Axiom of Self-Search", and the story by V. Nabirkova - "Hell as Yes hell as yes". If a palindrome is broken into lines, then such a poem can take the form of a monopalindrome, that is, a structure that is read back and forth not line by line, but from the end to the very beginning.
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Noah and faith – Zion has a chance
But Jesus is on the ball – Villon. (Dmitry Avaliani.)
There are multiline palindromes where each line is a flip:
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Hell - thirst!
Hell - heat, enmity!
Hell drives sometimes. (Vladimir Gershuni.)
Such a poem is inverted in the strictest sense of the term.
Palindrome axis
Some researchers classify palindromes by degree of difficulty. To do this, the concept of "palindromic axis" or "inversion axis" was introduced into the practice of studying. This is an imaginary line that runs through the letters or between them and divides the palindrome text into two parts so that the letters of one part are a kind of reverse of its other part. For example, the palindrome word "Atakazakata", invented by V. Bryusov, has an axial letter "z". In Velimir Khlebnikov's line "Setuy, cliff" the axis of the inversion passes through the letter "y". Researchers believe that the introduction of the visual concept of "axis" into everyday life proves that palindromes -special works of verbal and visual art.
Exact and inexact palindromes
An exact palindrome reads exactly the same in both directions. These include, for example, the palindrome word "Cossack" or the phrase of Ladygin Nikolai "Mat and here and there." The highest degree of accuracy assumes that in reverse reading not only complete letter identity is preserved, but also spaces between words. The strict style of palindromic construction allows some liberties. So, there may be mismatches between spaces, uppercase and uppercase letters and indistinguishability in the letter "e" and "e".
Freestyle palindromes allow inaccuracies, word wraps, and single-letter strings. The signs of softness and hardness (b, b) can be omitted, the letters "Y", "Sch" can be replaced by "I", "Sh". Doubling of letters is possible. There are also sound palindromes, in which only pronunciation is taken into account. They do not distinguish between "O" and "Yo" after hissing, "O" and "A" under stress and without. This is the aphorism of Grigoriev Viktor Petrovich: "He himself came and bring the horse of the masses." There are alphanumeric palindromes in which the number "0" matches the letter "O", "3"="Z", and "4"="H".
Lexical coefficient (LC)
The term "lexical coefficient" as applied to palindromes was introduced by AD Erlich. It is an indicator of the innovation and uniqueness of the palindromic formation. The Ehrlich coefficient is the ratio of the total number of letters in a word structure to the number of words in it. When counting, single-letter words are not taken into account: prepositions "in", and "c", unions "and", "a" and so on. Thus, in terms of its aesthetic qualities, the palindrome of V. Rybinsky (LK-5, 6) "The waterway of income is unknown to fashion" is higher than the couplet of Pavel Nagorsky (LK-3, 4) wear them and sleep hits…"
Non-verbal palindromes
In a broad sense, a palindrome can also have a non-verbal form. For example, there are palindromes - numbers that are read from the end in the same way as from the beginning. In mathematics, there is a "flip and add" operation, the essence of which is that by adding the original decimal number with its inverted copy, you can get a palindrome: 56 + 65=121; 521 + 125=646. Palindrome numbers have a special magic that some mathematicians are trying to figure out.
"Shifters" are observed by biologists in the structures of nucleic acids: the total number of palindromes in the human genome reaches 1 million. In music, there are works that can be played endlessly. Examples of such pieces are "The Way of the World" by Moschels, "Table Melody for Two" by Amadeus Mozart. First, the work is played in the usual order, then the notes are turned over, but the music does not change from this, and where is the top and where is the bottom in the musical notation of this composition to determineimpossible. Palindromic paradoxes attract people from all walks of life, and discoveries in this field are always surprising and unpredictable.
Palindromes in history
Palindromes have been around for a very long time. The oldest surviving changeling is written in Latin and dated to the 4th century BC. n. e. This sentence is Sator Arepo tenet opera rotas, which means: "The sower of Arepo hardly holds the wheels." It is interesting that this phrase was written in square form:
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S A T O R
A R E P O
T E N E T
O P E R A
R O T A S.
The ancient palindrome is read in four different ways: horizontally and vertically, right and left. The ancients endowed the square with magical properties. It was believed that magic words could protect against illnesses and diseases, as well as from evil spirits. In ancient Rome, squares with this mysterious phrase were cut down on the walls of palaces and temples. In the Middle Ages, the palindrome was depicted on the walls of Christian churches.
In ancient China there were also examples of palindromic versification. Many researchers note that palindrome sentences were endowed with conspiracy-prayer properties, and then used as spells. For example, the "revolving" phrase "Take away the cow and the virgin from the thief" was pronounced in order for justice to prevail. Folk proverbs also sometimes had a palindromic construction "Like a lion and that mother is great." The oldest Russian palindrome was used by buffoons to attract spectators duringof their speeches: "On the forehead, idiot!"
Russian palindromes
There is an opinion that it is difficult to create palindromes in Russian. Like, nothing interesting happens. However, if you search, then in your native language there are turnaround words, and sometimes whole sentences. Many people know palindromic surnames, names, words from texts or speech, for example: Anna, Tit, Nathan, Alla, Aza, That, Anikina, Anizina, Kutuk, Vodokhodov, Nilin, Nizin, Volov, Kuvuk, Volokolokolov, Aneen, Anina, Gog, Yuyu, Nitin, Nivin, Niken, Anisina, Anilelin, Anililina and so on. There are also many simple words and unions: here, or, income, kotok (cat), kolok, hut, trampling, argument, flood, Cossack, tavern, cook, eye, barely, more, more and the like. Thus, palindromes are also found in Russian. Sample sentences and phrases:
- Argentina beckons a black man.
- Around Misha's milk.
- Dead and peace be upon him.
- I climb to the bathroom.
- I'll be at the oak.
- Muzzle of a Cossack behind the scenes.
- "Let me go!" - A bowl of soup flies to Maxim. - "Let me go, the soup is flying!"
Palindromes for kids
Phrases and words read in both directions will definitely interest the guys. They will definitely appreciate the magic that palindromes hide in themselves. Examples for children:
- A suitcase at home.
- He eats hay.
- Lyosha found a bug on the shelf.
- The cat is dragged by ducks.
- Eat unwashed less!
You can play with the guys in the game "Think up your ownpalindromes". It's quite simple. Try to take a simple word "Az" and add the letter "A" to it. You get a simple palindrome word "Aza". Then add the letters "za" again, you get "Aza-za". If there are countless repeat "-za" once, then the palindrome will become infinite "Aza-za, -za, -za …-za". You can complicate the task. For example, you can pay attention to the word "Boa constrictor". If you read it the other way around, you get "in Hell." So the palindrome was born: "Boa constrictor in Hell". Such activities train memory, stimulate the areas of the brain that are responsible for recognizing letters and composing words from them. Children develop non-standard thinking, which will be very useful to them in life. Shift words for children - this is an acquaintance with the possibilities of the native language in a playful way.
Modern experiments
Author's palindromes appeared in the 17th century, during the emergence of syllabic poetry. In Russian until the 20th century, the most famous are the palindromes-phrases of Derzhavin Gavriil Romanovich: "I go with the sword of the judge", "I am the mind of the dawn." In the twentieth century, various experiments in the field of versification led to the emergence of interesting palindromatic forms. Russian poets V. Bryusov and V. Khlebnikov tried to bring an aesthetic element to palindromes. In the middle of the last century, A. Voznesensky tried to combine the palindromic technique with visuality.
Modern palindromic players are D. Avaliani, V. Gershuni, B. Goldstein, A. Bubnov, G. Lukomnikov. In recent years, poets have been striving to combine elements of word splicing and zaumi (rejection of natural language elements) in palindromes, which gives the texts a peculiar intonation (S. Biryukov, S. Sigey).
Palindromes are studied differently in different languages. Neologisms are being created, experiments that are unusual in form and content are being carried out. The longest word used in everyday speech is the palindrome saippuakauppias, which means "soap seller" in Finnish. In our native speech, you can create original palindromic constructions - this activity will be useful for both children and adults. Dare, and you will succeed!
