Let's talk about how the regulation of the heart is carried out. It is this organ that is indispensable and important for the human body. It is with its full-fledged work that the constant and full-fledged activity of all organs, systems, cells is ensured. The heart supplies nutrients and oxygen to them, guarantees the cleansing of the body from substances formed as a result of metabolism.
In some situations, the regulation of the heart is disturbed. Consider issues related to the implementation of the activities of the main organ of the human body.
Features of operation
How is the regulation of the heart and blood vessels carried out? This organ is a complex pump. It has four different departments called chambers. Two are called the left and right atria, and two are called the ventricles. Rather thin-walled atria are located on top, the bulk of the heart is distributed into muscular ventricles.
Regulation of the heart is associated with pumping blood with rhythmic contractions and relaxation of the muscles of this organ. The contraction time is called systoles, the interval corresponding torelaxation, called diastole.
Circulation
First, the atria contract in systole, then the atria function. Venous blood is collected throughout the body, enters the right atrium. Here the fluid is pushed out, passes into the right ventricle. The site will pump blood, directing it to the pulmonary circulation. This is what the vascular network penetrating the lungs is called. At this stage, gas exchange takes place. Oxygen from the air enters the blood, saturates it, carbon dioxide is released from the blood. The oxygen-rich blood is sent to the left atrium, then it enters the inside of the left ventricle. It is this part of the heart that is the strongest and largest. Her duties include pushing blood through the aorta into the systemic circulation. It enters the body, removing carbon dioxide from it.
Features of the functioning of blood vessels and the heart
Regulation of the work of the heart and blood vessels is connected with the electrical system. It is she who provides the rhythmic beating of the heart, its periodic contraction, relaxation. The surface of this organ is covered with numerous fibers capable of generating and transmitting various electrical impulses.
Signals originate inside the sinus node, called the "pacemaker". This site is located on the surface of the right main atrium. Being developed in it, the signal passes through the atria, causing contractions. The impulse is then divided into the ventricles, creating a rhythmic contraction of the muscle fibers.
The fluctuations of contractions of the heart muscle in an adult range from sixty to eighty contractions per minute. They are called the heart impulse. To record the activity of the electrical system of the heart, electrocardiograms are periodically performed. With the help of such studies, one can see the formation of an impulse, as well as its movement through the heart, and identify violations in such processes.
Nervous-humoral regulation of the heart is associated with external and internal factors. For example, palpitations are observed with serious emotional stress. In the process of work, the hormone adrenaline is regulated. It is he who is able to increase the heart rate. Humoral regulation of the work of the heart allows you to identify various problems with a normal heartbeat, and eliminate them in a timely manner.
Irregularities at work
Medical workers under such failures mean a variety of violations of the full reduction of the heart rhythm. Such problems can be caused by a variety of factors. For example, the regulation of the work of the heart occurs with electrolytic and endocrine ailments, vegetative diseases. In addition, problems appear with intoxication with certain medications.
Common types of violations
Nervous regulation of the heart is associated with muscle contractions. Sinus tachycardia causes the heart to beat faster. In addition, there may be situationsin which the number of heartbeats decreases. Such a disease in medicine is called sinus bradycardia. Among the dangerous disorders associated with the activity of the heart, we note parxisamal tachycardia. When present, there is a sudden increase in the number of heartbeats up to one hundred per minute. The patient must be placed in a horizontal position, urgently call a doctor.
Regulation of the heart is associated with atrial fibrillation, extrasystole. Any disturbances in the normal heart rhythm should be a signal to contact a cardiologist.
Automatic operation
At rest, the heart muscle contracts about one hundred thousand times in one day. It pumps about ten tons of blood during this time period. The contractile function of the heart is provided by the heart muscle. It belongs to the striated muscle, that is, it has a specific structure. It contains certain cells in which excitation appears, it is transmitted to the walls of the muscles of the ventricles and atria. Contractions of the heart sections occur in stages. First, the atria contract, then the ventricles.
Automation is the ability of the heart to contract rhythmically under the influence of impulses. It is this function that guarantees independence between the nervous system and the functioning of the heart.
Cyclic work
Knowing that the average number of contractions per minute is 75 times, we can calculatethe duration of one contraction. On average, it lasts about 0.8 seconds. A complete cycle consists of three phases:
- within 0, 1 second both atrial contractions are performed;
- 0, 3 seconds contraction of the left and right ventricles;
- about 0.4 seconds there is a general relaxation.
Relaxation of the ventricles occurs in about 0.4 seconds, for the atria this time interval is 0.7 seconds. This time is enough to fully restore muscle performance.
Factors affecting the functioning of the heart
Strength and heart rate are related to the external and internal environment of the human body. With a sharp increase in the number of contractions, the vascular system produces a huge amount of blood per unit of time. With a decrease in the strength and frequency of heartbeats, the release of blood decreases. In both cases, there is a change in the blood supply of the human body, which negatively affects its condition.
Regulation of the work of the heart is carried out reflexively, it involves the autonomic nervous system. Impulses that come to the heart through parasympathetic nerve cells will slow down, weaken contractions. Strengthening and increasing heart rate is provided by sympathetic nerves.
The humoral work of the "human motor" is connected with the functioning of biologically active substances and enzymes. For example, adrenaline (adrenal hormone), calcium compoundscontribute to the increase and increase in heart rate.
Potassium s alts, on the contrary, help to reduce the number of contractions. To adapt the cardiovascular system to external conditions, humoral factors and the functioning of the nervous system are used.
During the performance of physical work, impulses are received from tendon and muscle receptors to the central nervous system that regulates the work of the heart. As a result, there is an increase in the flow of impulses to the heart through the sympathetic nerves, adrenaline is released into the blood. Due to the increase in the number of heartbeats, the body needs additional nutrients and oxygen.
