Trees are complex organisms that harness the energy of the sun, curb global warming and help keep ecosystems in balance. The external structure of a tree includes such basic parts as leaves, flowers and fruits, a trunk, branches and roots.
Features of the external structure of the tree: crown
The crown, which is made up of leaves and branches at the top of the tree, plays an important role in filtering dust and other particles from the air. It also helps cool the air by providing shade and reducing the impact of raindrops on the soil. The leaves are responsible for the nutrition of the entire tree.
They contain chlorophyll, which promotes photosynthesis and turns them green. Leaves use the sun's energy to convert carbon dioxide and water from the atmosphere into glucose and oxygen. Sugar, which is the food of trees, is used or stored in the branches, trunk, and roots. Oxygen is released into the atmosphere. Tree crowns come in different shapes andsizes.
Trunk and branches
The trunk and branches, and the bark that covers them, are made up of many types of cells that perform many different functions. Some serve to give strength and stability, others are responsible for transporting fluids, some are responsible for storing starch and other nutrients.
Kora
The structure of a tree includes such an important element as the bark. It consists mainly of two zones:
- The inner bark (bast) is actively involved in the life of the tree. Its tubular cells form a kind of plumbing, through which nutrients dissolved in water are distributed to other parts of the tree from leaves and buds, where they were reproduced through photosynthesis.
- The outer cortex consists mainly of dead cells. It's covered in cracks. It is a kind of protective shell against insects, animals, cold, heat and other external factors.
Tree growth
The structure of a tree implies the presence of three meristematic zones, that is, cells that can divide and multiply. Two of them are located on the roots and buds at the tips of the branches, which allows the tree to grow in length. The third zone is located between the bark and the tree, it is called the vascular cambium. Its cells divide both inward and outward, that is, in all directions. Thus, a new inner layer of the cortex is formed inside the already existing ones. Cambium is one ofthe most important conditions for the growth of trees, their recovery from injury and protection from decay.
Root system
Anatomical features of the external structure of the tree include the absence of a core in the root system, an increased amount of parenchyma, or the so-called living cells. The roots also have a small amount of fibers and fewer growth rings than in the trunk and branches. The underground structure of a tree (root system) is of great functional importance. Roots are adapted to absorb and retain water and minerals in low light conditions. They also require significant oxygen, which they extract from the small spaces between soil particles.
Another important function of the root system is to keep the plant upright. All trees have lateral roots that branch into smaller ones and, as a rule, elongate in the horizontal plane. Some trees have a tap root that reaches 7 meters. Each root is covered with thousands of hairs, making it easier for it to absorb water and dissolved minerals from the soil. Most of the root system is in the topsoil.
Core
During growth, the old xylem cells in the center of the tree become inactive and inactive and finally die, forming rings filled with glucose, dyes and oil, so the core is usually darker than the rest of the trunk. Its main function istree support. Xylem consists of young layers of wood that transport water and nutrients from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the tree. The cambium is a thin layer of tissue that, as it grows, produces new cells that become either xylem or phloem. In other words, this is what increases the diameter of the trunk and branches.
Pieces of a tree for children
The structure of a tree for children is best explained using visual material. A variety of pictures, coloring pages, and illustrations can help introduce kids to a certain type of vegetation. You can use tasks for logic, exercises for compiling pictures, and so on. The main thing is not to overdo it and not overload the child with unnecessary details. It is better to start with one image, gradually adding and complicating other drawings, more detailed. You need to consolidate what you have learned in an interesting way, using riddles, rhymes and entertaining stories. When you explain the structure of a tree to kids, the diagram and definitions should be as simple and clear as possible. For example, the root is the part of the tree that remains underground. The trunk supports the crown and branches on which the leaves grow. The bark protects the tree from heat, cold, moisture loss and damage, and so on.
Trees are an important part of our world. They provide wood for construction and pulp for paper making. They provide a habitat for all kinds of insects, birds and other animals. many kindsfruits and nuts grow exactly on trees, including apples, oranges, walnuts, pears and peaches. Even tree sap is useful and serves as food for insects and more. Trees also help keep the air clean and the ecosystem he althy. We inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. Trees absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen. Just the perfect partnership! The structure of a tree (the photo is presented in the article) includes a certain number of components, each of which plays an important role in the life of the whole plant.
