Members of the sentence, which are in the nature of additional information reported along the way to expand the content of the main statement, belong to the category of connecting. They are entered using separate words, combinations or particles and are separated by commas in writing.
We'll talk more about such words, or rather about specific examples of the use of some of them.
When a comma is placed near the union "including"
Including - this is a union that is used to clarify or supplement information by adding a new member of the sentence to existing ones.
On the letter, remember that the adjunct (which includes the union "including") is separated by a comma from the rest of the sentence. For example:
- Today we have gathered all the guys, including Pavlik, to discuss the current situation.
- This was already known everywhere, including in our town.
Ain order for the adjunctive term or turnover to be considered separate and require commas on both sides, you need to pay attention to the meaning of the statement.
So, in the case when the withdrawal of turnover does not distort the structure of the sentence, it can be considered separate:
In all his works, including this story, the author is surprisingly truthful and restrained (the withdrawal of turnover is possible, therefore it is separated by commas)
But in the case of the example: “In all, including in this work, the author skillfully conveys reality”, the exclusion will violate the structure – “in all … works”, which means that the turnover is not isolated.
Is there a comma between the adjunctive turnover and the union "including"
Please note that the union "including" is not an introductory word, which means it is not separated from both sides by commas. Moreover, if the unions "a" or "and" are additionally used before the named union, then they form a single combination and are not separated by a comma:
- Everyone got what they deserved, including Tolik.
- Natasha loved to draw portraits, including from memory, but was embarrassed to show them to her friends (as you can see, there is no comma between unions and the combination “including”).
But pay attention to one more detail - for the correct use of the union "including" it is necessary to have in the sentence an indication of the whole, a part of which will be attached with the help of this union. Compare:
- We had to ask the people we met andshout loudly, calling for her, including in the park (an unacceptable construction, since there is no word with a general meaning before the conjunction “including”);
- We had to ask the people we met and shout loudly, calling her everywhere, including in the park (the correct construction, since the sentence contains the general word "everywhere", to which information is added).
How commas are placed near the union "for example"
One more common mistake in writing is an extra comma after the word "for example". Commas, by the way, in this case are placed according to several general rules, which we will now give.
If the word "for example" is before the connecting phrase to which it refers, then the whole phrase is separated by commas, not the word:
Some of the girls, like Tanya, helped clean up the classroom
If a phrase that includes the word "for example" is highlighted with a dash or brackets, then commas are placed after "for example":
Some girls (like Tanya) helped clean the class
If the word "for example" is after the connecting member, then in this case, it is separated by commas on both sides:
Some girls helped clean the classroom. Here Tanya, for example, washed the desks
After "for example" there can be a colon, in situations where it is after a word with a general meaning before homogeneous members:
Some fruits are dangerous to give to allergy sufferers, for example: oranges, pineapples, and strawberries and other red berries
Ifthe mentioned word refers to the whole sentence or to its subordinate part (in the case when it is complex), then it is separated on both sides by commas:
What will you do if, for example, we meet hooligans?
This rule also applies to phrases that include the combinations "in particular" or "for example" and the like.
On how introductory words stand out
Next, some introductory words will be considered, so it is worth remembering how they stand out in writing.
Introductory words help clarify what was said or emphasize some part of it. They are always distinguished in oral speech by pauses, and in writing by commas. If such words are at the beginning of the sentence, a punctuation mark is placed after them, and if at the end, then before them, including a comma is needed when the introductory word is in the middle of the sentence. Then it is isolated from both sides.
How it stands out in the letter "however"
The word "however" acts as an introductory word, as well as a conjunction or interjection. Therefore, separating it with commas depends on what role it plays in this sentence and where it is located.
You should know that it never starts a sentence as an introductory word. If it is followed by a separate turnover, then after “however” a comma is placed:
However, after looking around, he quickly figured out how to proceed
And in the middle of such a turnover, it stands out on both sides:
He listened to the story, not quite, however, interesting, and diligently smiled
Whenusing the specified word as an interjection, after and before "however" a comma is required:
However, how you have grown during this time
If "however" is used as a union at the beginning of a sentence, it is not separated by a comma, but when connecting parts of a complex sentence with it, a comma is placed before it:
- However, we did not wait for the sun.
- Peter was asked for a long time to sing along with the guitar, but he did not agree.
How to put commas on the word "please"
Where the commas will be next to the word "please" largely depends on the context in which it is used. If it is used as an introductory word, in order to attract the attention of the interlocutor or as a polite appeal, then it is distinguished by commas according to the rules common for this type of words:
- Please don't remember the flowers in the flower bed.
- Please tell me how to get to Ivanova street?
- Please sit down.
But there are situations in which commas are not put next to the word "please". Firstly, if it is used as a particle meaning "yes", and secondly, if "please" is included in the phrase:
- Now please (i.e. "yes"), and tomorrow nothing will work (here the comma does not separate "please", but stands before the union "a").
- Please tell me how things have changed around! (the emotional expression “please tell” is highlighted in its entirety, one word being described is not highlighted).
How commas are placed next to the word "therefore"
When considering whether there should be a comma before or after the word "therefore", one should definitely pay attention to the situation in which this adverb is used. Most often it is used as an analogue of the union in compound sentences with a causal meaning:
- The sky was overcast with clouds, so everyone was expecting rain.
- The cup treacherously tilted, leaving a dark stain on the shirt.
- Frost hit the night, so the sidewalk was covered with a crust of ice.
In such situations, a comma is placed before “therefore”, as before a union that connects the two parts of a complex sentence.
By the way, this word is often confused with the introductory word, highlighting it in writing with commas, but it is included in the group of particles and adverbs that never belong to the introductory words, and therefore do not need the said emphasis.
Summarize
If you think about how connecting phrases or introductory words stand out in writing and whether a comma is placed after the word “therefore”, remember the nuances that allow you to accurately punctuate. To do this:
- pay attention to the context of the sentence;
- remember that the introductory word, like the connecting phrase, is easily removed from the sentence;
- do not forget which words cannot act as introductory words;
- if the word is still introductory, apply the rules for highlighting them onletter;
- and when using the adverb “therefore”, remember about punctuation marks for parts of a complex sentence.
