Management is a function of strictly organized systems of different nature. It ensures the integrity of systems, as it is aimed at achieving their goals and objectives. Thanks to management, the interests of different elements are preserved, their interaction is ensured. In our material, we will talk in detail about the organization of public administration. The principles, functions, tasks and content of the ruling leadership will be given an extensive description.
The concept of government leadership
Immediately, we need to agree that management and leadership are synonymous. Both phenomena are aimed at revealing the functions of some systems. They serve the interests of the elements enclosed in a single structure. For example, social management is the organization of joint activities of people. This kind of activity is not yet able to provide the necessaryinteraction of system participants, but organizes people into certain groups and gradually formalizes them.
The most important principle of public administration (social leadership) is the presence of ordering influence on the participants in a single activity. The interaction of the system participants is given organization, the coordination of the individual actions of each member is ensured. General functions arising from the nature of the system are performed. These are coordination, supervision, planning and so on.
The main object of social management is the regulation of the behavior of participants in the system. This is a conscious-volitional category - a priority element of the entire system. Thus, the leadership implemented by the authorities is a kind of social standard. There are connections between the subject and the object. Such subordination has a conscious-volitional mediation.
The above signs and principles of public administration indicate the priority of the will of the governors in relation to the will of the governed. The subject of management forms and implements the will of the ruling persons, and the object obeys it. From this we can conclude that social leadership is a system of power relations, provided by a number of principles of public administration.
The Essence of Power Management
Power is a specific means aimed at ensuring that the will of the ruled follows the desires of the rulers. This definition was formulated thanks to the interpretations of philosophers and thinkers of different eras. However, the term "public administration"the general principles of which have been formed over the centuries, appeared more recently.
For almost 80 years, the ruling leadership in our country was just a tool to achieve the "highest goal" - building a new formation. Formally, priority was given to ideological considerations, and not to the desire to organize public order in the present tense. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, everything became completely different.
In 1993, the Constitution of Russia appeared, which fixed the basic methods, functions and principles of public administration. A new term has appeared - "executive power". It is of decisive importance in the analysis of social leadership. From the Soviet "division of labor" the country moved to the "separation of powers". The very essence of management has changed.
Separation of powers
The concept of separation of powers is based on one important principle. The organization of state administration cannot be carried out by only one person or state body. This will lead to the creation of an anti-democratic, totalitarian regime. Limitation of power by law is unacceptable. Management should be built on a competence-functional specialization that does not violate its fundamental unity.
Power should be the basis for the functioning of subjects that embody one or another of its branches. All branches of power are part of a single "tree" called statehood. The separation of powers is essential here. Three branches of the socialmanagement differ in some degree of independence, they are independent of each other.
The executive branch is one of three branches. Its powers include the organization of public life and control over the observance of laws. The executive branch closely cooperates with the legislative branch, which is engaged in the formation of basic norms and rules of conduct. There is also the judiciary, which has the power to interpret laws and impose liability for non-compliance.
The exercise of power is a political-right category, and government is an organizational-legal one. Both categories have the right to life, although the concept of management is completely absent in the law.
General management principles
Having considered the basic features and structural elements of social leadership, we should pay attention to the basic principles of public administration. The very concept of "principle" means the fundamental ideas, motives and motives that underlie the implemented actions or actions. The principles of social leadership indicate the fundamental features and essential characteristics of power.
The most common classification of principles is as follows:
- Legality. Assumes strict and strict observance by the subjects of management of all legal requirements.
- Specific. The implementation of management should be applied to specific life circumstances, take into account the most diverse forms of manifestation of actions andlaws of social development.
- Objectivity. The study of the patterns of social evolution that have taken place and the identification of ways for further improvement of society and the state.
- Efficiency. The desire to achieve goals with the maximum use of forces, time and means.
- Combination of centralization and decentralization. This principle is especially relevant in Russia, a country with a federal structure.
Based on the general principles of public administration, organizational ideas and beginnings are built. They will be discussed later.
General organizational management principles
Legal scholars distinguish two groups of principles on which government is based. The first group is called the general organizational, the second - intraorganizational. The first group includes:
- Territorial principle. Underlies the formation of the state apparatus in strict accordance with the territorial-administrative division of the country.
- Industry principle. Acts as a leader in the organization of apparatuses and services that implement executive power. In accordance with this principle, state management activities are implemented: he althcare, culture, law enforcement, etc.
- Functional principle. It determines the optimization of intersectoral relations. The subject of management can carry out methodological guidance, as well as administrative coercion and control and supervisory functions. These are the Central Bank, the Accounts Chamber, the Prosecutor's Office, the Central Election Commission, etc.
- Linear principle. Each manager, within the framework of his competence, has all managerial rights and functions in relation to his subordinates.
- Principle of double subordination. Provides a combination of principles of centralized leadership, taking into account local conditions and characteristics of the Russian regions. Underlies the federal executive bodies.
Thus, the general organizational principles provide all the necessary information about the elements of public administration.
Intraorganizational principles
The next group of ideas and beginnings is connected with the internal organization of power management. Thus, the rational distribution of powers between various subjects of executive activity involves assigning tasks, duties and powers to each employee and state body. The responsibility of subjects for the results of work is closely related to the rational distribution of functions.
The combination of collegiality and unity of command is considered the most important principle. This principle is most clearly manifested in situations of interaction between large authorities and officials. A simple example is the work of the President with the Federal Assembly or the Prime Minister with the Government.
Government practices
Intraorganizational beginnings are closely related to the basic tools and methods of public administration. Principles and methods interact with each other, as a result of which a system of social leadership is built.
Here are the legal instruments to highlight:
- Persuasion is a purposeful process of influence of a subject of power on a controlled object. This includes propaganda, agitation, education, criticism, and more.
- Encouragement is a method of influence that has a positive assessment of the subject.
- Indirect control - associated with psychological and economic instruments of influence on society.
Principles give rise to ideas from which goals and functions emerge. Methods are a kind of tool to help move from ideas to practice.
Government goals
The basic principles of social leadership are a kind of basis for drawing up the goals of management, which underlies the life of people.
The main tasks should be highlighted:
- development and optimization of social institutions that ensure sustainable and reliable development of the country along a democratic path;
- observance of external and internal security;
- protection of freedoms, interests and rights of people in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the existence of a general administrative and legal regulation;
- maintaining a favorable environmental, economic, social, cultural and political situation in the country;
- formation of state policy aimed at improving the living standards of the people;
- quality and efficient regulationmarket mechanisms;
- competent cooperation between the regions and the federal center, based on mutual benefit.
Based on the goals and legal principles of public administration presented above, an extensive system of functions is being formed that implements power. They will be discussed later.
Social leadership functions
Under the functions of public administration imply objectively determined types of imperious, goal-setting and organizational-regulating influence of power on social processes. This is a holistic and specific impact of the state on a person. The formation of functions is influenced by a number of factors, such as the state of society, its structure, the level of self-governance, and much more. Again, the functionality being formed is based on the principles of state and municipal government.
Traditionally, the following types of functions are distinguished:
- Planning. The problem is posed: with the help of what, when, where and how a certain goal can be achieved.
- Organization. It is necessary to create conditions for high-quality social interaction that would bring the desired result.
- Regulation. Directed to ensure that a person within the organization performs a certain amount of activity.
- Personnel function.
- Supervisory control function.
There is another classification, according to which the state should take care of the following:
- providing publicorder and security;
- creation and maintenance of the welfare of citizens, their rights and freedoms, satisfaction of social needs and interests;
- state regulation of processes implemented in the field of social, cultural and economic life.
Today, the Russian Federation implements all the presented functions in full. But does it give the desired result? Understanding this issue can only be done by analyzing all the problems of public administration that currently exist in the country.
Problems of social leadership in Russia
The solution to the issue of modernizing public administration is to create a quality system of checks and balances. It would make it possible to develop reliable legal regulation in relation to inefficient or illegal activities. But first, it is worth identifying the main problems of social leadership in Russia.
Political technologists and lawyers complain about the following phenomena:
- The President is above the branches of government. Its task is to ensure their coordinated functioning. However, practice shows otherwise: the head of state is mainly involved in the foreign policy sphere, and does not bear any responsibility for the decisions made by the authorities.
- Federal, regional and municipal systems of power do not fully exercise their powers. A quality mechanism is needed to facilitate their joint management.
- There is no clear legal framework for social leadership. Until now, there are many gaps and so-called legal holes in the laws. It is not enough just to observe the principles of public administration. The formation of a clear and strictly planned regulatory framework would help resolve the situation.
Solving all the identified problems should be a priority for the current government.
So, the main methods, functions, principles and concepts of public administration were analyzed in the article. The Russian Federation absorbs all democratic elements, however, the existing problems of the power leadership do not allow them to be fully applied in practice.
