All people, at least once in their lives, make speech mistakes. The examples number in the thousands, especially when it comes to the Russian language, which is known to be rich and diverse. But you need to speak competently, therefore it is better to engage in the development of your speech. For your own development, it is worth knowing what types of speech errors exist and what you need to do to avoid using them.
Speech and its specifics
Speech is an abstract category that cannot be perceived directly. It is also an important indicator of human culture, thinking and, of course, intelligence. By talking, you can learn many things, understand the complexities associated with society, nature, and convey the information received in a communicative way. But everyone makes mistakes - both in speech and in writing. And in order to achieve perfection in terms of knowledge of the Russian language, it is necessary to recognize all mistakes - from stylistic to speech. And to startI would like to touch on the topic of concepts. What are speech errors in Russian? This is a deviation from existing language norms. You can live in peace without knowing about them, but how effective the communication of such a person with the rest will be is a question. He just might be misunderstood.
Pronunciation
It is worth briefly listing the types of speech errors that exist in the Russian language. So, these are pronunciation, lexical, phraseological, stylistic, spelling, morphological, punctuation and, finally, syntactic. The first of these include those errors that are made due to violations of orthoepy. The most common speech errors in Russian. If a person says the word “poshti” instead of “almost”, confuses stresses (“alcohol” - “alcohol”), reduces “thousand” to “thousand” - this means that he allows such blots that are shameful for a native speaker.
Lexicology
Speaking about the types of speech errors, one cannot but mention the lexical ones. They are also quite common. These include those blots that occur due to the use of phrases or words in a meaning that is unusual for them. Thus, the morphemic form of words is distorted, as well as the rules of semantic agreement. By the way, in lexicology there is also a classification of speech errors. There are three types. The first is the mixing of those words that are close to each other in meaning. Some manage to express themselves in this way: "I will stand on foot." The second kind isa mixture of those words that are close in sound. It occurs quite often: single - ordinary, clarinet - cornet, escalator - excavator, etc. And finally, the third type of errors is the confusion of words that are close both in sound and in meaning. Often they confuse the addresser with the addressee, and the student with the diplomat. It is impossible not to say about the "author's" errors. To be more precise, about writing non-existent words. For example, “Georgian”, “motor”, “heroism”, etc.
Semantic agreement
Violation of the meaning of a sentence by introducing an inappropriate word into it is also a common speech error. Examples can be taken from everyday life: "I raise this toast." You can’t say that, because “raise” means to move something. A toast is solemn words. There is no way to lift them up. Therefore, in this case, it is better to either replace “toast” with the word “glass” or, instead of “raise”, say “I pronounce”. In both cases, it will be both competent and logical. By the way, using the same example, you can understand how to identify a speech error and what needs to be done to avoid it altogether. Before you pronounce a phrase, the correctness of which there is doubt, you should remember the meaning of the words involved in its construction. As in the case of the given example. Tautologies and so-called pleonasms are also often found in speech. The latter include combinations of two words that are completely identical. The most striking example is the phrase “huge metropolis”. Better to say "big city". After all, “megalopolis” is translated like that, so you don’t need to come hereadd the definition of "huge". By analyzing, in this way, everything that you want to say, you will be able to avoid a lot of mistakes. In addition, such training develops speech and thinking. And finally, a tautology. Everything is simple here: “I saw the video”, “I shot arrows”, “I set the task”, “I did the job”, etc. Synonyms save here - you can replace one word with another - and the phrase will already look more logical.
Morphological and syntactic illiteracy
Sentences with speech errors related to morphological ones can be heard every day - in the market, in the subway, on the street, in the store. We are talking about the wrong formation of a word. For people who speak Russian well, such “pearls” cut their ears. For example, “play the piano”, “it was cheaper”, “one jeans”, “that towel”, etc. In this case, you just need to memorize the words so as not to use them in the wrong form. Syntax errors are the wrong combination of words. “Reading Yesenin made a huge impression” - here a logical question arises, did they read his works, or did Sergei Alexandrovich himself read? Or, for example, such a sentence: “There are a lot of cans on the shelf” - this is an obvious wrong agreement. And there are many such examples. Some people say this by accident, in a hurry, others out of ignorance. In any case, it is worth correcting yourself so that the interlocutor does not consider his opponent to be illiterate.
Spelling rules
Grammar and speech errors peopledo not only in the process of live communication. Many allow blots during correspondence, reporting, writing texts. These include spelling errors. A person allows them because he does not know how to transfer, write or abbreviate words. They forget to put two “nn” instead of one, instead of “o” they write “a”, they neglect soft signs in the endings of verbs with “sh”. Errors can be minor (for example, a person missed a letter by missing a key), but there are also outright absurdities. There was even a case when a schoolboy made four mistakes in the word “hedgehog”, writing “iosh”. However, this is a child who is just learning, and when adults, successful personalities make absurd blots, this is at least strange. Therefore, you need to watch your speech so that, as they say, you don’t get into trouble.
Logic in speech
Our speech should be logical - everyone knows that. Therefore, one must try not to violate the cause-and-effect relationship, not to skip a link in one's explanations, not to rearrange parts of the sentence, and, of course, not to "run" ahead of one's thoughts. In order to communicate clearly, you need to present information in such a way that the interlocutors can learn it. It's not that difficult, you just need to concentrate on your thoughts.
Extended classification
Many speech errors were considered, examples of which clearly show what exactly this or that shortcoming is. But in fact, there are much more types of such “blots”, an extended classification of speecherrors, respectively, more voluminous. Take, for example, errors consisting in the unjustified use of certain words. “Thanks to you, he got sick” - sentences like this are very common. The use of the word "thanks" here is impossible, since it carries a completely different emotional connotation. And sometimes people make mistakes that even sound funny. For example, “Gogol’s “Nose” is filled with deep meaning” or “Two horses drove into the yard. These were the sons of Taras Bulba” – pronouns are used very unsuccessfully. By the way, the poverty of human vocabulary can also be attributed to speech errors. This is usually explained by his small vocabulary. He often uses the same words, repeats a lot. This should also be avoided.
Speech Development
After examining speech errors, examples of them and finding out the nature of their occurrence, one can understand that speaking correctly is not so easy. But almost every person wants to express himself in such a way that he is understood. To do this, you need to constantly work on yourself and your speech, developing it. How to prevent speech errors? To do this, you need to read fiction, visit exhibitions, museums and theaters, talk with smart and educated people. All this is necessary to expand your vocabulary and gain experience in terms of the use of certain words. By the way, a parallel can be drawn between this development of speech and the study of a foreign language. After all, everyone knows that a person, getting into the language environment, assimilates it better. In this case, thenthe same thing - by communicating more with literate people and devoting time to cultural events, you can become more educated.
