Mongolia is a republic located in East Asia. The capital of the state is Ulaanbaatar. The population of the capital is about 1.3 million people. The region, which is not washed by the seas, is almost eleven times smaller than Russia in area (1,564,116 km2). Mongolia's neighbors are Russia on the north side, and China on the east, south and west sides. The state is a member of UN structures and is listed as an observer in some structures of the CIS.
History of the country
In ancient times, the lands of the state were covered with swamps and forests, and steppes and meadows spread on the plains. In the 4th century BC. This territory was inhabited by an ancient people - the Huns. In 202 B. C. e. on the lands of modern Mongolia, the Empire of the Huns was created under the command of Modun Shanu. It was the first empire of nomadic tribes. The Huns ruled the Mongolian lands until 93 AD. e.
After them, the Mongol, Kirghiz and Turkic khans came to rule. In the 12th century, the Mongol tribe tried to unite into a singlestate, but this process was more like the unification of communities. This attempt to create a united state went down in history under the name Khamag Mongol.
The empire was created in 1206 as a result of the unification of Genghis Khan with Manchuria and the disunited Mongol tribes. As a result of active hostilities, the lands of the state expanded significantly. Part of China and significant territories in Asia, the state of the Ilkhans and part of Kievan Rus were captured.
The borders of the empire stretched for 33 million km2, and the population was 100 million people. Despite the fact that at that time 300 million people lived all over the world. But from 1294, the slow disintegration of the Mongol Empire began to take place. The post-imperial period was dominated by the Northern Yuan Dynasty.
In 1924, with the support of the Soviet Union, Mongolia was proclaimed the Mongolian People's Republic. What was the population of Mongolia then? The number of citizens in 1918 is estimated at 647.5 thousand people.
In 1961, Mongolia became a member of the UN, and in 1962 - a member of the Soviet-led Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. Then the population began to grow. After the collapse of the USSR, democratic and economic reforms took place in Mongolia. Industry, agriculture and trade were privatized. In 1997, the state became a member of the WTO.
Peoples of Mongolia
The state is a mono-ethnic community. The total population of Mongolia, according to estimates for 2015, is just over three million people. 94% of residentscountries make up Mongolian groups. The Turks also live in the country, a small percentage of Chinese and Russians.
There are about twenty Mongolian and non-Mongolian ethnic groups in the republic. The largest group is the Khalkha Mongols, who make up about 2.1 million people (82.4% of the total population). The largest number of Khalkhas inhabit the southern, eastern and central parts of the country. Derbers, Zakhchins, Torguts, Bayats and Olets live in the west. These are the descendants of the Western Mongols-Oirats.
About 101.5 thousand Kazakhs live in Mongolia. The ethnic group makes up almost 4% of the total population and ranks second in number among the various ethnic groups living in Mongolia. Kazakhs are located mainly in Bayan-Ulegeisky aimag. They came to these lands in the 19th century from the Black Irtysh and the upper Bukhtarma. Despite the fact that the Kazakhs speak their native language, they are very similar in culture and traditions to the Mongols, which allows the Kazakhs to coexist harmoniously with the main ethnic group of the state.
Also, other groups of peoples live in the country. The Buryats, for example, occupied the northern region of the country. Representatives of the people have retained their ethnic identity, but the language is largely similar to the Khalkha language. Buryats make up 1.71% of the total population of the state.
An ethnic group similar to the Buryats in language and culture lives in the east of the country. The number of Barguts is only 2.3 thousand people. This people migrated to the Mongolianland in 1947 from northeast China.
Ethnic Russians migrated to the lands of Mongolia in the second half of the nineteenth century. About two and a half thousand people of Russian nationality live in the country today. The first Russians in Mongolia were Old Believers who fled their native country due to religious persecution.
Population of Mongolia
As of December 2015, the people of Mongolia are just over three million people. The annual increase in residents was 1.74%. The dynamics of the population indicates that the number of citizens is increasing year by year. The population density of Mongolia is 1.8 people per square kilometer.
Other demographic indicators of the country for 2016 are as follows:
- 73, 5 thousand people were born;
- 18, 4 thousand dead;
- 55 thousand people accounted for the natural increase;
- 3 thousand people accounted for the migration gain;
- 1,499k men, 1,538k women, which is roughly 1:1.
Resettlement of citizens across the territory of Mongolia is heterogeneous. The average population density of Mongolia in 2017 is 1.8 people per square kilometer. The most densely populated capital of the state, where one third of the total population lives, is the Khangai Mountains and the Orkhon Valley. Very low population density in the south of the country, large desert and semi-desert areas and completely deserted.
Forecasts for 2017
Analysts predict thatin 2017, the population of Mongolia will increase. Thus, the total number of citizens will be 3,090,183. For comparison, we can cite the data of previous years for Mongolia. For example, the population in 2014 was 2.91 million inhabitants, in three years the figure increased by 0.09 million people.
Projected positive growth, which will be 56 thousand people. In 2017, approximately 74.7 thousand children will be born and 18.7 thousand people will die. If the level of migration remains the same as in 2016, then in 2017 the number of residents due to migration will change by 3.2 thousand people. Thus, the number of people leaving Mongolia will be greater than the number of visitors who are planning a long-term stay in the country.
Lifespan
Mongolia, whose population is approximately equally distributed by gender, is not characterized by high life expectancy. Men live on average up to 65 years, women - up to 69 years. At the age of 15-49, male mortality is almost three times higher than female.
The main cause of death in Mongolia is injuries and alcoholism. In this regard, in 2014, a decree was issued on the establishment of male training groups, according to which every year all men must undergo a medical examination. Another serious problem in Mongolia, whose population is dying en masse from cancer, cardiovascular diseases and tuberculosis, is the insufficient level and inaccessibility of quality medical care in some areas.
Distribution byage
As of January 2017, the population of the country was represented by the following age groups:
- 27, 3% - children under 15;
- 68, 7% - working-age population (from 15 to 64 years old);
- 4% - people of retirement age (from 65 years old).
This distribution creates a low demographic burden on society (45.6%). The ratio of the number of children to citizens of working age is 39.8%, the pension burden (the ratio of the number of pensioners to the population from 15 to 64 years old) is 5.8%.
Literacy of population
An estimated 2 million people over the age of 15 are or have received an education that can read and write. The population of the country of Mongolia is almost 99% educated. Only 35.7 thousand people remain illiterate.
The literacy rate among men is 98.18%, women - 98.58%. Youth literacy rate is 98.05%.
Customs and traditions
Hospitable and friendly Mongolia. The population of the region is so hospitable that each guest is greeted with a bowl of tea - this is a sign of respect for the owner. According to tradition, the guest should accept the bowl with both hands, which is a sign of gratitude to the host for hospitality.
Tsagaan-Sar (New Year) is the most favorite holiday. On this day, residents dress in national clothes, go to visit relatives and friends. It is believed that the more the feast on the holiday, the better the owners of the house will live in the coming year.
As for wedding traditions, his parents are looking for a wife for their son. By the day of the wedding, the groom must build a yurt for his bride. On a holiday, the future husband must pick up the girl from the parental home on a horse.
