Every person, with rare exceptions, can express himself through oral speech. Thanks to communication, people can express their experiences and feelings, talk about the vital, exciting. Oral speech allowed a person to rise to the highest level of civilization. In the scientific literature, one can find an uncountable number of bases for the classification of oral speech. In general, the study of language as a means of communication is necessary to understand the deep processes that occur in the mind of a person during verbal interaction with other people. After all, the process of acquiring speech skills takes place unconsciously and naturally. The school curriculum gives the task of getting acquainted with the theory about the types of oral speech for grade 2 students. In the future, students of philological speci alties study this linguistic problem. This article focuses on the typology of the sounding form of the language.
Number of interlocutors
To begin with, consider the simplest types of oral speech. Grade 2 of the school, in accordance with the educational program, gets acquainted with the concepts of dialogue and monologue. This classification is based on the number of participants in the communication process. So, these words have the same part “-log”, which is translated from Greek as “word”, “sense, speech”. Taking its origin from the same language, the part "mono-" means "one". Thus, a monologue is the speech of one individual, which is addressed either to himself or to an audience. In turn, the part "di-" in Greek means "two". Therefore, a dialogue is an exchange of messages between two interlocutors. In this case, the speech of each of them is a monologue. The meaning of the dialogue is to change the lines.
When answering the question of what types of oral speech are, people often give only these most common definitions. However, another similar type of communication is polylogue. "Poly" means "a lot". Here we are talking about the presence of two or more interlocutors.
Character of the spoken word
What other types of oral speech exist? Grade 2 studies the classification of direct communication, based not only on the number of interlocutors. Another reason for classifying a language is the beauty and sublimity of its style. On the basis of this criterion, such main types of oral speech as pre-written, literary and sounding in the text arose. Consider the first language type first.
Simple communication
As you know, people first learned to make sounds and only then - to depict signs. Initially, speech existed only in oral form. Preliterate language today includesmainly everyday communication, which will never be recorded in writing and, in essence, does not need the existence of a sign prototype. This includes various kinds of oral negotiations, fairy tales composed on the go, rumors repeatedly transmitted. The theory of linguistics refers to the most common forms of pre-literate speech rumor, dialogue and folklore. The basis for their selection is the number of message reproductions. So, the rumor is reproduced only once. The main purpose of this type of speech is to convey certain information to each member of the conversation. Such a message ceases to exist immediately after it reaches all interlocutors, since its repeated reproduction is not necessary. The ban on reproduction can be violated, but then the rumor begins to exist in a different form - in the form of gossip, which is misinforming.
We have already considered pre-written speech in the form of a dialogue, but in this classification it is used in a slightly different meaning. Here, attention is paid not to the number of interlocutors, but to the number of reproductions and the semantic load of the text. Dialogue in this sense is considered as a certain set of statements of various subjects on the same topic. As a rule, texts are reproduced only once, because even in the case of a second question, the interlocutor, repeating the previously spoken phrase, changes the intonation or word order.
Finally, folklore is a pre-written form of speech, which is characterized by repeated repetition. Unlike rumor, folklore is a cultural property, its textswell preserved for many years. This type includes folk tales, legends.
Literary texts
We have considered pre-written speech as the first of the types of messages, depending on the nature of the utterance. Now let's turn to literary language. There is far from everyday communication here. This type of speech is characterized as sublime, literate. Initially, literary texts are fixed on paper and have a very distant relation to verbal messages. However, then they are memorized and turn into sound. It is thanks to such a complex creation procedure that the resulting texts acquire their ideal state. There are such literary types of oral speech in Russian as rhetoric and homiletics. Let's consider them in more detail.
Oratory
This type of literary oral text is a speech of a person in front of a certain audience, which touches on the most important life topics of the listeners. At the same time, the speaker does not have the opportunity to establish a dialogue with his audience. He is forced to say everything he wants in one speech. An example of rhetorical statements is judicial speech. For example, a lawyer in his last statement has the opportunity to demonstrate oratorical skills and express a personal vision of the situation, but he can no longer ask questions to those present. Listeners react to the defender's words immediately, internally agreeing with him or not accepting his point of view. SoThus, oratorics inherently represents monologue speech.
Homiletics
When answering the question what types of oral speech (literary) exist, it is impossible not to mention this type of utterance. Compared to oratorics, homiletics is more like a dialogue. Although there is also preparation for oral utterance, the rhetor does not have to say everything he wants in one message. As a rule, he breaks the text into certain portions for the greatest impact on the listeners. Such statements have a greater impact on the education of the public. Answering the question, what types of oral speech are, we should mention the church, propaganda and educational genre of homiletics.
Pastoral word
This kind of homiletics is aimed at influencing listeners, in particular, their feelings and will. The ecclesiastical variety of homiletics exists in the form of a sermon, interview, and confession. The first speech is a detailed account of some sacred truths. The preacher in his statement addresses the people with the aim of updating the knowledge already available to people, increasing their significance, emphasizing their importance. The interview, in turn, is a kind of test of the assimilation by the public of those truths that were presented at the sermon. The last stage is confession. After repentance, the clergyman, assessing the degree to which people fulfill their prescriptions in practice, also delivers a speech that is designed to influence a person with the aim of favorablechanges in his soul.
Learning process
Homiletics permeates the entire education system. The main forms of communication between a teacher and students are lectures, seminars and tests/exams. They are easy to compare with the varieties of communication between the pastor and believers discussed above. A lecture, like a sermon, is designed to highlight important issues and explain them to the audience. However, unlike church homiletics, which involves the utterance of statements known to the public in order to increase their relevance, educational homiletics involves the presentation of new, hitherto unknown information to the audience.
Now let's compare the next stage of educational communication, the seminar, with an interview. A practical lesson with students is also carried out to test the degree and quality of their knowledge acquisition. And finally, the exam is a kind of confession, where the teacher evaluates the students' perception of the truths that were presented to them in the lectures.
Propaganda statements
The speech of the rhetorician, aimed at disseminating and advertising certain information, consists of previously known truths combined with new ones. Thus, propaganda homiletics is a combination of church and educational.
Now let's consider the forms of existence of such texts. The first of these is propaganda (the activity of transferring certain knowledge). The second stage is agitation, where the rhetor justifies the transition from deliberation to action. And finally, the third formPropaganda homiletics is advertising that has an effect that controls the effectiveness of campaigns.
Sound-reading of written text
Not always a person who wants to say aloud what is written learns it. After all, you can, for example, read. By the way, the literary form and voicing of the text are types of oral speech approaching the written one. In view of the fixation of these types of statements on paper, they are competent and logically constructed texts. As mentioned earlier, voicing can take place in the form of a simple reading. With this form of utterance, as a rule, the text is simply pronounced, without the obligatory use of certain intonations and facial expressions. Studying the types of oral speech, grade 2 students are faced with such a linguistic term as recitation. Such reading is not a simple reproduction of a letter, but an expressive, even pompous, rhythmic voicing, as a rule, of works of art (often poetry).
Doneness
There is another reason for the typology of verbal texts. So, answering the question, what are the types of oral speech, class 2, based on the knowledge gained, can classify speech depending on the degree of its preparedness. Most often, the statements we utter are characterized by spontaneity and are formed gradually, in the process of communication. Unprepared types and forms of oral speech are constantly encountered, because each person is in contact with other representatives of society far more than once a day. Exactlyeveryday communication cannot be thought through in advance, therefore speech errors, pauses, the use of simple sentences and the most common words are more common here. In turn, a prepared speech (for example, a report) is characterized by the presence of a pre-thought-out and logically constructed structure.
Paying attention to all the information given in this article, we can cite the following types of oral speech: dialogue and monologue; prepared and unprepared; pre-literal, statement by text and literary.
