The golden autumn foliage of the trees shone brightly. The rays of the evening sun touched the thinned tops. The light broke through the branches and staged a spectacle of bizarre figures flickering on the wall of the university "kapterka".
Sir Hamilton's thoughtful gaze slowly slid, watching the play of chiaroscuro. In the head of the Irish mathematician there was a real melting pot of thoughts, ideas and conclusions. He was well aware that the explanation of many phenomena with the help of Newtonian mechanics is like the play of shadows on the wall, deceptively intertwining figures and leaving many questions unanswered. “Maybe it's a wave… or maybe it's a stream of particles,” the scientist mused, “or light is a manifestation of both phenomena. Like figures woven from shadow and light.”
The beginning of quantum physics
It is interesting to watch great people and try to understand how great ideas are born that change the course of evolution of all mankind. Hamilton is one of those who stood at the origins of quantum physics. Fifty years later, at the beginning of the twentieth century, many scientists were engaged in the study of elementary particles. The knowledge gained was inconsistent and uncompiled. However, the first shaky steps were taken.
Understanding the microworld at the beginning of the 20th century
In 1901, the first model of the atom was presented and its failure was shown, from the standpoint of ordinary electrodynamics. During the same period, Max Planck and Niels Bohr published many works on the nature of the atom. Despite their painstaking work, there was no complete understanding of the structure of the atom.
A few years later, in 1905, a little-known German scientist Albert Einstein published a report on the possibility of the existence of a light quantum in two states - wave and corpuscular (particles). In his work, arguments were given explaining the reason for the failure of the model. However, Einstein's vision was limited by the old understanding of the model of the atom.
After numerous works by Niels Bohr and his colleagues in 1925, a new direction was born - a kind of quantum mechanics. A common expression - "quantum mechanics" appeared thirty years later.
What do we know about quanta and their quirks?
Today, quantum physics has gone far enough. Many different phenomena have been discovered. But what do we really know? The answer is presented by one modern scientist. "One can either believe in quantum physics or not understand it," is Richard Feynman's definition. Think about it yourself. It will suffice to mention such a phenomenon as quantum entanglement of particles. This phenomenon has plunged the scientific world into a position of complete bewilderment. Even more shockwas that the resulting paradox is incompatible with the laws of Newton and Einstein.
For the first time the effect of quantum entanglement of photons was discussed in 1927 at the fifth Solvay Congress. A heated argument arose between Niels Bohr and Einstein. The paradox of quantum entanglement has completely changed the understanding of the essence of the material world.
It is known that all bodies consist of elementary particles. Accordingly, all the phenomena of quantum mechanics are reflected in the ordinary world. Niels Bohr said that if we do not look at the moon, then it does not exist. Einstein considered this unreasonable and believed that the object exists independently of the observer.
When studying the problems of quantum mechanics, one should understand that its mechanisms and laws are interconnected and do not obey classical physics. Let's try to understand the most controversial area - the quantum entanglement of particles.
Quantum Entanglement Theory
To begin with, it is worth understanding that quantum physics is like a bottomless well in which anything can be found. The phenomenon of quantum entanglement at the beginning of the last century was studied by Einstein, Bohr, Maxwell, Boyle, Bell, Planck and many other physicists. Throughout the twentieth century, thousands of scientists around the world actively studied it and experimented.
The world is subject to the strict laws of physics
Why is there such interest in the paradoxes of quantum mechanics? Everything is very simple: we live, obeying certain laws of the physical world. The ability to “bypass” predestination opens a magical door, beyondwhere everything becomes possible. For example, the concept of "Schrödinger's Cat" leads to the control of matter. It will also become possible to teleport information, which causes quantum entanglement. The transmission of information will become instant, regardless of distance. This issue is still under study, but has a positive trend.
Analogy and understanding
What is the uniqueness of quantum entanglement, how to understand it and what happens with it? Let's try to figure it out. This will require some thought experiment. Imagine that you have two boxes in your hands. Each of them contains one ball with a stripe. Now we give one box to the astronaut, and he flies to Mars. As soon as you open the box and see that the stripe on the ball is horizontal, then in the other box the ball will automatically have a vertical stripe. This will be quantum entanglement expressed in simple words: one object predetermines the position of another.
However, it should be understood that this is only a superficial explanation. In order to get quantum entanglement, it is necessary that the particles have the same origin, like twins.
It is very important to understand that the experiment will be disrupted if someone before you had the opportunity to look at at least one of the objects.
Where can quantum entanglement be used?
The principle of quantum entanglement can be used to transmit information over long distancesinstantly. Such a conclusion contradicts Einstein's theory of relativity. It says that the maximum speed of movement is inherent only in light - three hundred thousand kilometers per second. This transmission of information makes it possible for physical teleportation to exist.
Everything in the world is information, including matter. Quantum physicists came to this conclusion. In 2008, based on a theoretical database, it was possible to see quantum entanglement with the naked eye.
This once again suggests that we are on the verge of great discoveries - moving in space and time. Time in the Universe is discrete, so instantaneous movement over vast distances makes it possible to get into different time densities (based on the hypotheses of Einstein, Bohr). Perhaps in the future it will be a reality just like the mobile phone is today.
Etherdynamics and quantum entanglement
According to some leading scientists, quantum entanglement is explained by the fact that space is filled with a kind of ether - black matter. Any elementary particle, as we know, exists in the form of a wave and a corpuscle (particle). Some scientists believe that all particles are on the "canvas" of dark energy. This is not easy to understand. Let's try to figure it out in another way - the association method.
Imagine yourself on the beach. Light breeze and a slight breeze. See the waves? And somewhere in the distance, in the reflections of the rays of the sun, a sailboat is visible.
The ship will be our elementary particle, and the sea will be ether (darkenergy). The sea can be in motion in the form of visible waves and water droplets. In the same way, all elementary particles can be just a sea (its integral part) or a separate particle - a drop.
This is a simplified example, everything is a bit more complicated. Particles without the presence of an observer are in the form of a wave and have no fixed location.
White sailboat is a distinguished object, it differs from the surface and structure of the water of the sea. In the same way, there are "peaks" in the ocean of energy that we can perceive as manifestations of forces known to us that have shaped the material part of the world.
Microworld lives by its own laws
The principle of quantum entanglement can be understood if we take into account the fact that elementary particles are in the form of waves. Without a specific location and characteristics, both particles are in an ocean of energy. At the moment the observer appears, the wave "turns" into an object accessible to touch. The second particle, observing the equilibrium system, acquires opposite properties.
The described article is not aimed at capacious scientific descriptions of the quantum world. The ability of an ordinary person to comprehend is based on the availability of understanding the material presented.
Particle physics studies the entanglement of quantum states based on the spin (rotation) of an elementary particle.
Scientific language (simplified) - quantum entanglement is defined by different spins. ATIn the process of observing objects, scientists saw that there can only be two spins - along and across. Oddly enough, in other positions, the particles do not “pose” to the observer.
New hypothesis - a new view of the world
The study of the microcosm - the space of elementary particles - gave rise to many hypotheses and assumptions. The effect of quantum entanglement prompted scientists to think about the existence of some kind of quantum microlattice. In their opinion, at each node - the point of intersection - there is a quantum. All energy is an integral lattice, and the manifestation and movement of particles is possible only through the nodes of the lattice.
The size of the "window" of such a grating is quite small, and the measurement of modern equipment is impossible. However, in order to confirm or disprove this hypothesis, scientists decided to study the motion of photons in a spatial quantum lattice. The bottom line is that a photon can move either straight or in zigzags - along the diagonal of the lattice. In the second case, having overcome a greater distance, he will spend more energy. Accordingly, it will be different from a photon moving in a straight line.
Perhaps in time we will learn that we live in a spatial quantum grid. Or this assumption may be wrong. However, it is the principle of quantum entanglement that indicates the possibility of the existence of a lattice.
In simple terms, in a hypothetical spatial "cube" the definition of one face carries a clear opposite meaning of the other. This is the principle of preserving the structure of space -time.
Epilogue
To understand the magical and mysterious world of quantum physics, it is worth looking closely at the course of science over the past five hundred years. It used to be that the Earth was flat, not spherical. The reason is obvious: if you take its shape as round, then water and people will not be able to resist.
As we can see, the problem existed in the absence of a complete vision of all the acting forces. It is possible that modern science lacks a vision of all acting forces to understand quantum physics. Vision gaps give rise to a system of contradictions and paradoxes. Perhaps the magical world of quantum mechanics holds the answers to these questions.
