Plants consist of organs such as vegetative and reproductive. Each of them is responsible for certain functions. Vegetative - for development and nutrition, and the reproductive organs of plants are involved in reproduction. These include flower, seed and fruit. They are responsible for the "birth" of offspring.
Vegetative organs
The emergence of vegetative organs was associated with the need to obtain nutrients from the soil. These include:
- Root is the main organ of every plant growing in the ground.
- Escape.
- Stem.
- Leaves responsible for photosynthesis.
- Kidneys.
The root is characteristic of all plants, as it holds them and nourishes them, extracting useful substances from the water. It is from him that shoots come, on which leaves grow.
When sowing seeds, the root sprouts first. It is the main organ of the plant. After the root gains strength, a shoot system appears. Then the stem is formed. On himlateral shoots are located in the form of leaves and buds.
The stem supports the leaves and conducts nutrients to them from the roots. It can also store water during droughts.
Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis and gas exchange. In some plants, they also perform other functions, such as storage of substances or reproduction.
In the process of evolution, organs change. This enables plants to adapt and survive in nature. New species are emerging that are increasingly unique and unpretentious.
Root
The vegetative organ that holds the stem is involved in the process of absorption of water and nutrients from the soil throughout the life of the plant.
It arose after the advent of sushi. The root helped the plants adapt to changes on the ground. In the modern world, there are still rootless ones - moss and psilotoid.
In angiosperms, root development begins with the embryo entering the ground. As development progresses, a stable organ appears from which a shoot sprouts.
The root is protected by a cap that helps to get useful substances. This is due to its structure and high starch content.
Stem
Axial vegetative organ. The stem bears leaves, buds and flowers. It is a conductor of nutrients from the root system to other organs of the plant. The stem of herbaceous species is also capable of photosynthesis, as are the leaves.
It is capable of performing the following functions:storage and breeding. The structure of the stem is a cone. The epidermis, or tissue, is the primary cortex in some plant species. In peduncles, it is more loose, and in shoots, for example, in sunflowers, it is lamellar.
The function of photosynthesis is carried out due to the fact that the stem contains a chloroplast. This substance converts carbon dioxide and water into organic products. The supply of substances occurs due to starch, which is not consumed during the growth period.
Interestingly, in monocot plants, the stem retains its structure throughout the entire life cycle. In dicots, it changes. This can be seen in the cut of trees where the growth rings form.
Leaf
This is a lateral vegetative organ. Leaves differ in appearance, structure and function. The organ is involved in photosynthesis, gas exchange and transpiration.
The evolution of plants has led to the emergence of trapping species. Their leaves catch insects and feed on them. This organ in some plant species turns into spines or antennae, thereby performing a protective function from animals.
A leaf has a base that connects it to the stem. Through it, nutrients enter the leaves. The base can grow in length or in width. Following it, stipules grow. The leaf has veins, which are divided into two types: open and closed.
The life expectancy of this vegetative organ is short. Trees shed their leaves, as they contain waste products left afterphotosynthesis.
Vegetative propagation
Each plant has its own life cycle. There are two types of reproduction using vegetative organs:
- Natural.
- Artificial.
Natural reproduction is made by leaves, lashes, root tubers, rhizomes, bulbs.
Artificial reproduction:
- The bush is divided. Rhizome plants are divided into several parts and seated.
- The second way is rooting cuttings. They can be not only root, but also leaf and stem.
- Layers can be used on the mother plant.
- The grafting method is also popular. This is when part of one plant is transferred to another.
Vegetative organs help in the same way as reproductive organs in reproduction. Plants play an important role in human life and nature. On the ground, they occupy a fairly large space.
Function of the reproductive organs
Their importance in the structure of the flower ensures the reproduction of the species, the protection of seeds and their further dispersal. The reproductive organs of angiosperms are the flower, the seed, and the fruit. They gradually replace each other.
A flower is a modified shoot that gradually changes its appearance. The seed that is inside matures and gains nutrients. After fertilization, it turns into a fetus. It consists of many seeds and a pericarp that protects them from the external environment.
Vegetative and reproductiveplant organs always interact. Without each other, they will not be able to perform their functions.
Flower
In nature, everything is arranged so that flowers live their cycle anew. As we have already said, the reproductive organs of a plant include the flower, the fruit, and the seed. They are interconnected to support life and enable new generations to be born.
Such a reproductive organ of a plant as a flower is responsible for pollination, fertilization and seed formation. It is a short shoot that changes as it grows.
Let's consider what a flower is made of:
- Peduncle - axial part.
- Cup. Consists of sepals and is located at the bottom of the inflorescence.
- Whisk. Responsible for the color of the flower and consists of petals.
- stamen. It produces pollen which aids in pollination.
- Pistil. This is where the pollen grows.
Flowers are divided, in turn, into bisexual and unisexual. What is the difference? Bisexuals have both a stamen and a pistil. For example, corn and pumpkin. Same-sex, or monoecious, have only one organ. These include nettle, hemp. The flower is the reproductive organ of the plant, which is responsible for seed reproduction.
Most often, inflorescences are formed. This is a group of several flowers. They are simple and complex, that is, with one pedicel or with several. Their number can reach tens of thousands on one plant.
Inflorescence isa group of flowers. It is located at the ends of shoots, as well as branches of trees. Most often, the inflorescence is formed from small flowers. They, in turn, are divided into simple and complex. The first ones have one axis, on which the flowers are located. The latter have side branches.
Common types of inflorescences:
- Brush - bird cherry, lily of the valley.
- The cob is in corn.
- Basket - chamomile or dandelion.
- Umbrellas - by the cherry.
- The shield is at the pear.
Complex inflorescences are several simple ones. Their origin is associated with the function of fertilization. The more flowers, the faster the pollen is transferred.
Fruit
The reproductive organs of plants primarily perform the function of reproduction. The fruit protects the seeds from their premature dispersal. They are dry or juicy. Seeds are formed inside the fruit, gradually ripening. Some of them are equipped with devices that help spread, such as the dandelion flying in the wind.
Main types of fruits:
- Single-seeded with three layers - cherry, apricot, peach.
- Polyseed with pulp - grapes.
Dry multi-seeded fruit comes with a partition - cabbage, and without it - peas. Oak has one seed.
The reproductive organs of flowering plants are designed to spread seeds in several ways:
- On the water.
- By air.
- With the help of animals.
- Self-dispersing.
Organs are arranged so that plants go through the processfrom root formation to reproduction. The fruits have adapted to be carried by animals. This is provided by such devices as holds, parachutes, color accents and pleasant taste.
Seed
Knowing which organs of plants are reproductive, you can understand exactly how they reproduce. The seed reproduces offspring and settles it for subsequent cultivation. It is made up of the peel, germ and nutrients from the stem.
The seed contains proteins, fats and carbohydrates. In fact, the embryo is the rudiments of the stem, root and leaves. It is the main part of the seed and comes with one or two cotyledons.
Seeds are also divided into several different types. Some nutrients are in the endosperm, while others lack tissue for storage.
The seed coat protects against the effects of the environment, wind and animals. After maturation, it helps to resettle the plant. Some species store nutrients in their skins.
Seeds are food for humans and animals. Their value on earth is quite high, like that of the fetus. These plant organs are involved in the life cycle of insects and animals, thus providing them with food.
Higher plants
In the plant world, everything is arranged so that organisms have the opportunity to grow constantly. Higher plants have organs such as shoots and roots. They differ in that the embryo appears during the process of fertilization.
Reproductive organs of higher plants,interacting with the vegetative ones, they change their life phases. They include four departments:
- Ferns grow in moist places. These include horsetails and club mosses. Their structure includes root, stem and leaves.
- Bryophytes are an intermediate group. Their body is made of tissue, but they do not have blood vessels. They live in both wet and dry soil. Moss reproduces not only by spores, but also by sexual and vegetative means.
- Gymnosperms. The most ancient plants Most often they include coniferous trees and shrubs. They do not bloom, but their fruits form a cone with seeds inside.
- Angiosperms. The most common plants They differ in that the seeds are securely covered under the skin of the fruit. Reproduction occurs in several ways. They differ in that they have female and male genital organs in the structure.
All these plants have been growing and developing on the earth for quite a long time. They differ from each other in the way of reproduction and the presence of certain organs. However, it should be noted that vegetation has a great influence on human life.
Flowering plants
This species is the most numerous in the plant kingdom. Flowering, or angiosperms, have been growing on the planet since ancient times. Ferns have evolved into many species.
The main reproductive organs of flowering plants are seeds. They are protected by the fetus, which helps them better.persist until distribution. Interestingly, this group of plants is the only one that can form multi-tiered communities. In turn, flowers are divided into two subspecies: monocots and dicots.
The main difference between flowering plants is that the reproductive organs of plants are a flower, a fruit and a seed. Pollination occurs through wind, water, insects and animals. The structure of the plant has a female and male growth, and double fertilization occurs.
When germinating, the seed is saturated with water and swells, then the reserve substances are split and provide energy for germination. From the embryo, a sprout appears, which later becomes a flower, tree or grass.
Gymnosperms
This species appeared millions of years ago. Gymnosperms reproduced by spores, and seeds appeared in the process of evolution. By its structure, the fruit is a cone. The seed is located under the scales and is not protected by anything.
In gymnosperms, reproductive organs can be of various types. Some have bumps, others look like berries.
These include not only coniferous, but also deciduous trees. An amazing plant grows in the deserts of Kenya, which has only two large leaves. Its relative is ephedra. This is a gymnosperm plant that has small round berries.
Pollination process
As you know, the reproductive organs of a plant include a flower, a fruit and a seed. In order for the process of fertilization to occur, pollination is necessary, which helps the emergence of offspring.
In angiospermsplants, the fusion of male and female cells occurs. This is due to cross pollination. This is the process of transferring pollen from one flower to another. In some cases, self-pollination occurs.
Helpers needed for cross-pollination. First of all, these are insects. They feast on sweet pollen and carry it from flower to flower on their stigmas and wings. After that, the reproductive organs of plants begin their work. Flowers that are pollinated by insects are painted in bright and juicy shades. After coloring, they are attracted by the aroma. Insects smell a flower when they are far enough away.
Wind-pollinated plants are also equipped with special adaptations. Their anthers are fairly loosely spaced, so the wind carries the pollen. For example, poplar blossoms during the winds. This makes it possible to carry pollen from one tree to another without obstacles.
There are plants that are helped in pollination by small birds. Their flowers do not have a sharp aroma, but are equipped with a bright red color. This attracts birds to drink the nectar, and pollination occurs at the same time.
Evolution of plants
After the advent of sushi nature has changed. Plants gradually evolved, and ferns were replaced by flowers, shrubs and trees. This was due to the appearance of the root system, tissues and cells.
Due to the diversity of the reproductive organs of angiosperms, more and more species and subspecies appeared. For reproduction, spores and seeds began to appear, in which there were sexualcells.
Gradually, shoots, leaves and fruits appeared. After reaching land, the plants developed in two directions. Some (gametophytes) had two phases of development, others (sporophytes) passed from one cycle to another.
Plants adapted and evolved. Spore species began to reach 40 meters in height. More and more reproductive organs of plants began to appear. Their evolution depended on the influence of the external environment.
A germ was formed inside the seed, which, after fertilization and spraying, germinated. Once in the ground, it fed on useful substances and turned into a sprout.
The evolution of the fertilization process led to the emergence of angiosperms in which the seeds were protected by the fruit.
The importance of plants for humans
The benefits of the natural world for people are priceless. Plants not only emit gases, s alts and water, but also convert inorganic substances into those necessary for life. With the help of the root system, shoots and leaves, gas exchange occurs.
Green plants accumulate valuable organic substances, purify the air of carbon dioxide, while saturating it with oxygen.
Thanks to natural resources, people receive more valuable products necessary for life. Plants become food for animals and humans. They are used to treat various diseases, in the production of cosmetics.
Since the reproductive organ of the plant is the fruit and the seed, they have become indispensable in human nutrition. Berries that grow on shrubs are loved by almost everyone. Interestingly, coal and oil alsodescended from vegetation. Peatlands are the birthplace of algae and ferns.
The vegetative and reproductive organs of flowering plants play an important role in their life. They are responsible for nutrition, development and reproduction. When the life cycle ends, the seeds spread around and new plants sprout.
