New constructions appear in the Russian language, the basics of which are already taken from existing words or phrases. Each element can be assigned to a specific category. There are only two of them: non-derivative and derivative. There are also different types of word stems. Further in the article we will talk about what these components are. We will also find out how to find the stem of a word. Examples will be given in the text for better understanding.
Types of structures
In elements of speech that tend to change, the stem of the word is the part without the ending and the affix that gives form. For example: desert (I) or pine, eight (oh) or chita (l). In the unchanging elements of speech, the basis is equal to the word. Examples include designs dreaming or high. There are exceptions in which the stem of the word is broken:
- verb forms that have the postfix -s or -sya, for example, learn-i-sya;
- pronouns that have -either, -something, -something, example: somehow;
-compound nouns - closet-a-compartment;
-complex numerals – sem-and-ten-and.
Structure of speech elements
The stem of the word is the invariable part. This element conveys its lexical meaning. Which part is before us - derivative or non-derivative - can be determined by its structure. The basis of the word, which consists of a single morpheme, that is, the root, is considered non-derivative. For example: table, city. The bases, which include two or more derivational affixes, are considered to be derivatives. Most often it is a root that is combined with a suffix (one or a pair), for example, bread-n-th. With prefixes - re-years. And also in rare cases with a prefix and a suffix in one word: without-house-n-th. All emerging elements of speech can be formed from a derivative or non-derivative part.
Generative stem of the word
These parts are the components of the new speech elements. They have nothing to do with derived and non-derived structures. An example of the presence of a generating basis can be considered the word strong. The initial speech element is power. The stem of words that change and those that do not change differ from each other. In elements that change, this component is the part without ending and suffixes that form the form. For example: sad or window. How is the basis of the word determined in these cases? The rule says that you need to remove the ending and formative suffixes.
Non-derived element
In the Russian language there are wordswhich are primary. That is, they are not formed from any structures. The basis of such words is called non-derivative. For example: water, grass, white. The non-derivative stem of a word has only a root. It cannot be divided into morphemes. Affixes (suffixes, prefixes, postfixes, etc.) can be combined with a non-derivative stem. They form new speech elements. This is how constructions with derived bases appear. Examples of such words can be considered: brother - brotherly - brotherly.
Derived element
This is the name of the basis of the word, which appeared from another element as a result of the addition of some morpheme. The main component of this type of component is the root, but it can also include:
- suffixes. Examples: courage, manliness, courageous;
- prefixes - for-husband, great-grandson, not-friend;
- prefix and suffix in one word. For example: in-husband-sk-i, voz-husband-a-l-th.
The derivative form can be divided into several morphemes, it is composed not only from the root. The derivative form can be continuous or discontinuous. The first type can be considered by the following examples: dream, fish, or tables. Examples of a discontinuous produced stem are the words I meet or carried away, etc. Some features of these structures should be noted. Any derived part has its own generating stem of the word. The latter is the original element. For example, consider the word water, and its derivatives: watery, watery, andalso wateriness.
How to combine suffixes, prefixes and postfixes
Let's start with examples: for-breath-well-th-xia or o-dum-and-louse. In this case, affixes that form a word are added to the base, which is called generating, and a new element or phrase appears due to them. As a result, various chains of phrases may arise. These mainly include words that have a non-derivative basis. Each speech element included in the chain is considered related, as well as the same root. Stems that have endings such as -y, -ey can cause some difficulties when parsing a word. Difficulties may also arise if it is necessary to isolate the root. For example: visitor, articles, foxes. To avoid mistakes, it is necessary to inflect a certain word several times and try to understand how strongly the sound (j) is preserved in other forms of this word. If it is absent, then we have a modified part of the word. In other words, the sound (j) is present in the ending. If it is preserved clearly, then it is the basis of the word. For example: become - j - u, stat - j - i. In the case of a morphological analysis of a word, the stem must be indicated by a square line below.
This is applicable in the case of the written method. In electronic printed versions, the basis is distinguished by ordinary square brackets. This is due to the fact that there is no necessary button on the computer keyboard. All these elementary rules are studied at school, they arenecessary for any educated person.
