For the first time, manufactories arose in the 16th century in Europe, and to be more precise, in the states and cities of Italy. Later they appeared in countries such as the Netherlands, England and France. These were enterprises that made cloth, weaved wool, built ships, and mined ore. They were exempted from regulations and shop restrictions.
The first manufactories in Russia differed from European ones. The existence of serf relations left its mark on their origin and development. They were based on the slave, forced labor of serfs who did not receive adequate pay for their work. In this regard, they could not develop at a rapid pace, like similar enterprises in the West.
First venture
Considering the issue of the appearance of the first manufactories in Russia, it is necessary to say what characterizes such an enterprise. Manufactory is a form of industrial production in which manual labor is used andrecruited labor force. Its main principle is the division of labor, which provides for the unification of individual operations in the process of creating a product.
The first manufactories in Russia appeared in the 17th century. Their number exceeded sixty. They were formed on the basis of craft and merchant artels. Sewing and weaving manufactories mainly fulfilled the orders of the Sovereign's court.
The first enterprise of this type in Russia is Cannon Yard in Moscow. It originated in 1525. Blacksmiths, casters, carpenters, solderers and other artisans worked here. It was a public company. More about it will be discussed below.
Other manufactures
The second manufactory was the Moscow Armory. It carried out chasing on silver and gold, and also practiced carriage, sewing, carpentry, enamel production.
The third was Khamovny yard in Moscow, the name of which comes from the word "ham" - that's what they used to call linen linen. The fourth manufactory in terms of time of formation was the Moscow Mint.
Creation paths
Manufactories arose in two ways:
- By bringing together in one workshop workers with different speci alties. In this regard, the product from the initial stage to the stage of its final production was made in one place.
- By collecting in one common workshop those artisans who owned the same speci alty, and each of them continuously performed the sameoperation.
Next, the forms inherent in the first manufactories in Russia will be considered.
Shapes
These include the following:
- Scattered.
- Centralized.
- Mixed.
The first of these is a method of organizing production, in which the owner of capital, a merchant-entrepreneur (manufactory), transfers raw materials to village small homeworkers for the purpose of their sequential processing. After receiving raw materials (for example, it could be raw wool), the artisan made yarn from it. The manufacturer took it, giving it to another worker for processing, and he made yarn out of it, etc.
In the second method, all workers processed raw materials, gathering together, under one roof. It was distributed primarily where the technological process required the joint labor of a dozen or even hundreds of workers who performed various operations. This was typical for the following industries:
- textile;
- mining;
- metallurgical;
- printing;
- sugar-cooked;
- paper;
- porcelain faience.
The owners of centralized manufactories are mostly we althy merchants, guild masters were much less common.
The third type produced more complex products, such as watches. At such manufactories, individual parts were made by small artisans who had a narrow specialization. Whereas the assembly was already carried out in the workshop of the entrepreneur.
Manufactories under Peter I
Under him, there were several types of manufactories. It's about:
- official;
- patrimonial;
- session;
- merchants;
- peasants.
Under Peter I, at least two hundred new manufactories appeared, the creation of which he encouraged in every possible way. Attempts were made to establish state-owned factories in the Urals, processing metal. But they received full development only thanks to the reforms of Peter I.
It was during this period that the first manufactories in Russia began to develop and operate at a rapid pace - in connection with the reorientation of the entire economy. The emergence of such enterprises was accelerated by the need for industrial products of their own production, primarily for the needs of the regular army and navy.
Serfdom
Enterprises in Russia, although they had capitalist features, were used mainly by peasant labor. These were sessional, ascribed, quitrent and other peasants, which turned the manufactory into a serf enterprise.
They were divided into merchant, state, landowners depending on who owned their employees. In 1721, industrialists received the right to purchase peasants in order to secure them for their enterprise. Such peasants were called sessional.
They were the feudal-dependent population of Russia and were obliged in return for paying taxes - per capita and dues - to work in private and state-owned factories and plants. At the end of the 17th century, to support industry,to ensure its constant cheap labor force, the government widely practiced the registration of state peasants to manufactories in Siberia and the Urals.
As a rule, bonded peasants were attached to enterprises for an indefinite period, in fact, forever. Formally, they still belonged to the state, but de facto they were exploited by industrialists and punished by them as serfs.
State manufactories exploited the labor of state peasants, ascribed, as well as free hired craftsmen and recruits. At the manufactories of merchants, quitrent, sessional peasants and civilian workers worked. His serfs were fully serviced by the landlord enterprises.
Advanced Enterprises
Such were, for example, Cannon and Khamovnaya manufactories. They have already been mentioned above. And also it is worth mentioning the Danilov Manufactory.
The first of these is known as the earliest. This is the Moscow Cannon Yard, which was a large enterprise where experienced craftsmen and their apprentices worked. They were paid a government salary. There were smelting furnaces, forges, foundry barns. Cannons, bells, and other metal products were cast at this advanced enterprise. It was here that the Tsar Cannon was cast by master Andrei Chokhov in the 2nd half of the 17th century.
There were several boorish yards in Moscow. They were created to serve the household needs of the palace, then they were also used to meet the needs of the army. In the workshops, linen was dressed and bleached: tablecloths, towels, scarves,sewed sailcloths. The products were of very high quality. The most famous were the Kadashevsky yard in the Kadashevskaya Sloboda, in Zamoskvorechye, and Khamovny in the Khamovnicheskaya Sloboda.
Partnership of Danilov Manufactory
It is also known as the association of VE Meshcherin. This is one of the largest enterprises in the Russian Empire. The partnership with a warehouse was located in Moscow, on Ilyinka Street. And the production is in the area of the current Varshavskoe highway.
The merchant of the 1st guild Meshcherin in 1867 invested in the creation of a weaving factory. It mainly produced calico, from which chintz and scarves were later made. Then they were given for stuffing and finishing to other enterprises located in Moscow and Ivanovo-Voznesensk.
In 1876, on the basis of a weaving manufactory, a partnership arose. In 1877, his capital amounted to 1.5 million rubles. By 1879, a mechanical cotton-printing factory was also established. In 1882, the enterprise turned into a plant, which included a full production cycle.
In 1912, 2 million pieces of fabric and over 20 million handkerchiefs were produced. There were 150 types of fabric. 6,000 workers worked at the enterprise. In 1913, the capital amounted to 3 million rubles. In 1919 the association was nationalized. Later, the enterprise was named the Moscow Cotton Factory. M. V. Frunze. Since 1994, it has been called Danilovskaya Manufactory. Currently, the building on Varshavskoye Shosse houses residential lofts and a business center.
