Cell organoids are permanent structures that ensure the performance of specific functions in the course of its life activity - growth and development, division and reproduction, etc. Eukaryotic (nuclear) cells of plants and animals have a similar structure and an almost identical set of organelles, while prokaryotic (non-nuclear) cells have a primitive structure and lack many organelles.
Cell organelles, depending on the presence of membrane components, are divided into non-membrane and membranous. Non-membrane organelles include: ribosomes and centrioles and organelles of movement (microtubules and microfilaments). Ribosomes are rounded or elongated bodies, consisting of two units - large and small. Combining with each other, ribosomes form polysomes. This organelle is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes play a very important role, since they are the ones that assemble proteins from amino acids. Centrioles are hollow cylinders that are made up of triplets and microtubules. Centrioles form the cell center, which takes part in cell division. Organelles of movementare hollow tubes or filaments that can occur freely in the cytoplasm or be part of the flagella, cilia, division spindle.
Membrane cell organelles are divided into one- and two-membrane. To single-membrane
are: EPS (endoplasmic membrane), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuole (found in plants and unicellular animals).
Endoplasmic reticulum - an extensive network of channels and cavities that permeate the entire cell. It is divided into smooth and rough. Smooth ER contains enzymes that are involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Rough ER is involved in protein synthesis, which occurs in ribosomes attached to it.
The apparatus (complex) of the Golgi is a stacked cavities that are connected to the ER. It is actively involved in metabolism and in the formation of lysosomes.
Lysosomes are small, rounded bodies filled with an enzyme that can, if necessary, break down “broken” organelles and whole cells. Performs a protective function.
Two-membrane organelles of the cell - mitochondria and plastids inherent only in plants. Their feature is the presence of two membranes, external and internal. The outer (outer) membrane performs the function of exchanging and connecting these organelles with other components of the cell, and the inner membrane forms folds, the space between which is filled with a matrix - a liquid substance. The inner folds of mitochondria are called cristae, and plastids-chloroplasts - grana. These cell organelles contain RNA and DNA. Mitochondria synthesize ATP, which later serves as a source of energy. The function of plastids will depend on their color - colorless (or leukoplasts) store carbohydrates, in particular starch; yellow, orange, red (or chromoplasts) - give color to flowers and fruits; green chloroplasts - provide the synthesis of ATP and carbohydrates.
The main organelles of the cell, united by the cytoplasm and membranes, form a single integral system.
