Knowing the rules of punctuation greatly contributes to the ordering of spelling and the elimination of illiteracy. Punctuation - a science whose priority is the correct punctuation (the term came to Russian from Latin and literally means "point") - is closely related to syntax (the concept comes from the Greek word "military system") - a section of grammar that puts its the task is to study the speech structure, parts and components, its components. In the complex exactly
these disciplines are being researched and punctuation analysis is being done.
Following the linguist A. A. Shakhmatov, modern syntactic scientists recognize the central
syntactic unit of a sentence, which is the minimum model in speech communication. It has the form of an intonation-closed syntactic construction expressing the actual situation or the process of thinking, imagination. Both simple and compound sentences fit this definition.
The main object of attention in the syntax of a sentence is its positional components (this includes phrases, word forms at the level of interpositional and intrapositionalsyntactic connection, the formal indicators of which include the presence of conjunctions, inflections, prepositions). The main principle of the language structure is not to complicate the use of punctuation marks unnecessarily (which at the same time facilitates punctuation parsing), but at the same time, the need to preserve the flexibility of the syntactic system is taken into account in order to express the semantic shades and features of the text as fully as possible. Hence inevitably there is a variation in the formulation of punctuation marks. And if we also take into account the possibility of individual author's placement, then punctuation analysis becomes noticeably more complicated.
In order to accurately put this or that punctuation mark, you must follow certain rules. And for this, in turn, you need to be able to distinguish between independent and service parts of speech (know the features of the use of each of them and basic information on them), find the predicative center, have an idea about the secondary members of the sentence, feel intonation pauses, understand the difference in the expression of emotions the author and highlight them appropriately in the letter. This includes the concept of "punctuation parsing", and also explains the close interweaving and interconnection of syntax, punctuation, morphology.
Punctuation marks that can be used in the text: period (expresses the completeness of thought), interrogative (contains a question), exclamation (mode of transmission
special emotions, feelings) signs, ellipsis (in case of innuendo, incompleteness), comma (set to separate,highlight, separate homogeneous members, introductory constructions, direct speech, appeals, isolated constructions, parts of a complex sentence), semicolon (used mostly for non-union complex sentences), dash (used in both simple and complex sentences, in dialogues, direct speech), colon (similar to a dash), quotation marks (typical of direct speech), brackets (to provide additional information).
That is, summarizing the above, we can imagine an algorithm by which the punctuation parsing of a sentence is performed:
- Designate according to the purpose of the statement, according to intonation features.
- Determine the type of sentence: simple or complex.
- Find predicative structures and secondary terms.
- If simple - characterize from this point of view (two-part / one-part, complete / incomplete, common / not common, complicated or not).
For complex - to identify the type of connection (subordination / composition / unionless / with various types) and the means of its transmission (intonation, union, allied or correlative words).
- Explain the appropriateness of all punctuation marks (periods, commas, dashes, colons, etc.), both at the end of the sentence and within its parts.
- Create a chart.
Acting like this, you can analyze any offer.
