Scattered manufacture - a special way of organizing production, which uses the manual labor of employees. There is also a division of labor.
First manufactures
Scattered manufactory is only one of the ways to organize production at factories. In order to better understand it, consider all the others. In general, the manufactories themselves appeared on the European continent as early as the 16th century. Initially, they were formed in the city-states of Italy. A little later in many other countries - England, France, Holland.
The first manufactories in the world appeared in Florence. They were engaged in the production of cloth and wool. Chompies worked for them - special wool combers who worked at cloth factories at that time. Shipyards were common in Genoa and Venice. But in Lombardy and Tuscany, silver and copper mining mines developed.
One of the main differences between manufactories and other similar enterprises was that they were completely exempt from shop regulations and anyrestrictions.
In Russia, the first manufactory was the Moscow Cannon Yard, which appeared no later than 1525. It employed many workers of various speci alties - blacksmiths, casters, carpenters, solderers. Shortly thereafter, the Armory was organized. Enamel and clothing production, silver and gold chasing were already concentrated in it. The third Russian manufactory was the Khamovny Dvor, where linen was woven, and the fourth was the Mint.
How did manufactories appear?
There were several reasons that led to the opening of manufactories in Europe and Russia. Firstly, this is a large-scale association under the roof of one workshop of a large number of artisans of various speci alties. Thanks to this, it was possible to establish the entire process of manufacturing the product in one place.
Secondly, the emergence of manufactories was facilitated by the unification of artisans of one speci alty in a common workshop. As a result, each of them could perform a continuously defined operation.
Scattered manufactory
There are several basic forms of manufactories. One of the most common is scattered manufactory. This is a special way of organizing production, when the owner of capital (most often it was a large merchant-entrepreneur) provides raw materials for sequential processing to smaller village artisans (they were often called homeworkers).
Examples of scattered manufactoryoften found in the textile industry. They can also be found in places where shop restrictions did not apply. As a rule, the village poor, who at the same time had at least some property, went to the scattered manufacture, the definition of which you already know. It could be a house, a small piece of land. But at the same time, they were not able to provide for their families themselves, so they were forced to look for additional sources of income.
With this type of manufactory, the worker received raw materials, such as wool. After that, he processed it into yarn, which was then taken from him by the manufacturer, transferring it to another specialist for further processing. He was already turning yarn into cloth.
Centralized Manufactory
This is another way of organizing production in the Middle Ages. In a centralized manufactory, workers processed raw materials together, while being in the same room.
This type of manufactory is most widespread in those branches of industrial production where the technological process involves the joint work of a large number of workers (from several tens to a couple of hundred people). First of all, these are the mining, printing, metallurgical, paper industries, the production of sugar, porcelain and earthenware.
In this case, we althy merchants and some successful craftsmen became the owners of such manufactories. As a rule, large manufactories of this type were created with the participation of the state. This is how the work was organizedFrance.
Mixed manufactory
There is also the concept of mixed manufactory. With this type of production, individual parts were made by single artisans, and the assembly was already carried out in the workshop under the supervision of the master. This type was in demand in the production of complex products. For example, hours.
Manufactory differences
To compare scattered and centralized manufactories, it is necessary to find out their features. The centralized type of production is characterized by the territorial unity of the entire production cycle. The bottom line is that all operations and stages of production are carried out in one room owned by a capitalist who provides jobs for employees.
It should be noted that the features and differences between scattered and centralized manufactories are difficult to fit into the table, since there are a huge number of them. Therefore, we continue to consider only the most basic ones. With a scattered type of production, the goods, to a greater extent, are produced outside the enterprise itself. Tasks are simply given to artisans, each of whom works at home. However, they can even live in different villages. At the enterprise itself, only the final creation of products is carried out. This type does not require large premises for workers. But here, more careful control over people and the tasks they perform is necessary. This is the main feature of scattered and centralized manufacture.
Leading countries ineconomic development
Manufactories were widely used in the era of great geographical discoveries. Accordingly, intensive economic development was observed in those countries that were directly involved in these processes.
It all started in 1492, when the Spanish navigator Christopher Columbus discovered a new continent - America. The next important step was taken in 1598 by the Portuguese traveler Vasco da Gama. He paved the previously unknown path from Europe to India. And at the beginning of the 16th century, Ferdinand Magellan made the first ever trip around the world.
After all these events, European trade could officially be called world trade. First of all, Portugal and Spain, whose navigators were the first to make significant geographical discoveries, turned into major colonial powers. At the same time, the business of the Arabs, the Venetians and the Turks, who had previously virtually monopolized the market for trade with other continents, fell into decline.
After some time, the economic center of the European mainland moved first to Holland, then to England, and later to the north of France. It was in these countries that trade developed by leaps and bounds, new large industrial enterprises were formed.
The next step was the relocation of production centers to the American continent. Europeans began to actively develop gold and silver mines, sugar and tobacco plantations. African slaves began to be centrally brought to America, whoprovided the end result. As a result, the Netherlands and England received the greatest profit from this. In terms of economic development, these countries quickly overtook Spain and Portugal, which had previously been in first place. The states of the Iberian Peninsula, in many respects, lagged behind also because feudal relations in society were preserved there.
Manufactories in Russia
In Russia, manufactories began to appear under Peter I. By type, they were divided into patrimonial, merchant, state, peasant. In a few years, the new emperor rebuilt industry from small peasant and handicraft farms to manufactories. At this time, about two hundred new factories appeared in our country. Russian industry at that time, of course, had capitalist features, but mainly used the labor of involuntary peasants, which made it a serf enterprise.
