Basis is the foundation. Everyone knows about it. However, not every person realizes that the concept of the basis is applicable in various fields. Philosophy, economics, mathematics and even astronomy are only a small part of those disciplines in which the concept of basis is used. The relationship between the system and the main category will be discussed in our article.
Basic and superstructure
In philosophy, a basis is a set of production relations that can exist in the public sphere. Such relationships are the objective content of the entire society. This is the primary, material part, on the basis of which all other connections and elements are formed.
The superstructure is closely connected with the concept of basis. This is a set of social views, ideas, views and theories. The superstructure is a system of ideological relations.
Basic is primary, superstructure is secondary. Spiritual and ideological relations grow on the basis of the objective and material system. There are also non-building elements, which are groups of classes or families.
Basis-superstructure ratio
Basis is the element that defines the superstructure. This is the main rule of the historical process according to Marx. Depending on the material basis of the state, types of social superstructure are formed: philosophical, moral, legal, ideological and other ties. The nature of the state is closely related to the basis.
Flipping the base always leads to a reshaping of the superstructure. At the same time, it is important to understand that each objective basis has its own superstructural system: one for capitalist society, another for feudal society, a third for socialism, and so on. Sometimes the superstructure can outstrip the basis. This can be expressed in the adoption of innovative laws, the issuance of progressive acts, etc. This trend indicates progress in the state. This is not a farewell to reality, but, on the contrary, an approach to it. Marxists explain this phenomenon not by the foresight of consciousness, but by a real reflection of the future material basis.
Process of we alth creation
Superstructure and basis are the main categories in the theory of historical materialism. They appear in a strictly defined order. For example, take the famous pyramid of needs of Abraham Maslow, where the most important needs were food, rest and security, and only then love, altruism and nobility. For a dissatisfied person, the process of satisfying other people is far from being a priority. Marxists were of the same opinion.
Society, as well as a person, has priority andsecondary needs. First, the basis is formed - the material basis of humanity. This is security, the availability of housing and food - all that is an objective minimum. Only then does religion, creativity, politics, art appear - the so-called intangible goods.
Non-Marxist concepts of basis
In philosophy, a basis is a concept that is interpreted by a variety of schools. However, the founding father of the famous category was Karl Marx. We have already analyzed his vision of the basis and superstructure above. Now it is worth paying attention to other interpretations.
Daniel Bell divided society into three types, each of which has its own bases and superstructures. The first type of society, pre-industrial, is based on extractive forms of economy. Industrial society is defined by factory production and mass technology. Post-industrial society is developing in the service sector. Its main goal is to make a profit. The superstructure of each society is different.
According to Inozemtsev, society is divided into pre-economic, economic and post-economic. The superstructure of the first form of society is too simple: it is the priority of collective relations and the struggle for survival. The secondary sphere gets its development from the appearance of private property and, as a result, exploitation. The pinnacle of the superstructure is creativity, characteristic of post-industrial society.
Economic concept
Basis in economics is a concept indistinguishable from a philosophical one. True, look at himneed a slightly different angle. The concept of production forces plays an important role here. This is the name of people - elements of society that have the tools of production and are able to use them for their intended purpose. The forces of production enter into relations of production. People create we alth, connect with each other and modernize their activities.
Connections and relationships are just the basis. Ideology, views and political institutions depend on the mode of production - elements that will influence the development of the basis.
Thus, the economic basis is the totality of production relations between people. It determines all aspects of the life of society, determines its structure. An important addition: the basis is formed not arbitrarily, but according to social and economic laws. People obey the requirements that they create for themselves, and the conditions for which the external environment prepares.
Basis in mathematics
In mathematics, a basis is a strictly ordered set of vectors in space. The set can be finite or infinite. There are different combinations of basis. They depend on the order of construction of the available vectors.
"Basis" is an ancient Greek term coined by the ancient mathematician Euclid. The thinker understood the basis as the horizontal base of a spatial or flat figure. The modern meaning of the concept was given by the German mathematician Julius Dedekind. In an 1885 article, the first notes about a coordinate system in a plane or in three-dimensional space appeared.
The basis consists of vectors, each of which is directed along its own coordinate axis. If the angles between the vectors are 90 degrees, then such a basis is called orthogonal. If all vectors are finite and have the same length, then we are talking about a normalized basis. There are also mirrored collections of vectors that cannot be connected. In addition to three-dimensional, there are four-dimensional, five-dimensional and other types of mathematical bases.
Basis in astronomy
Basis is the distance to the body. This is how astronomers interpret the famous concept. To determine the basis, the parallax method is used: the distance to an accessible point is measured. An angle is also taken at which the basis would be visible on the horizon of the required body. This angle is called equatorial parallax. Using the goniometric geometric method, you can accurately determine the distance (basis) to the necessary objects.
An example can be given. Knowing the distance from the Earth to the Sun, we can subtract the average distance of all the planets from the main star. The radius of the earth is taken as the basis. From different points where the observatories are located, the observed object is determined. Two observation vectors from different points intersect, the intersection angle is found. By calculating the angle, you can determine the parallax, and later the distance to the desired object.
