Collective and state farms, collective and joint farms seem to be a relic of the distant past. Therefore, few of us remember what kind of position it is, the chairman of the collective farm, what rights it gives and assigns duties. Nevertheless, it continues to exist today! It is occupied not only by men, but also by women, and in some cases very young ones - we will also talk about them in the article.
About the unification
Kolkhoz is an acronym for "collective farming". Accordingly, this was the name of the enterprise created for collective farming.
Initially, the following associations were called collective farms:
- Agricultural artels.
- Partnerships for the joint cultivation of land plots.
- Agricultural communes.
By the "sunset" of the USSR, only one form remained - agricultural artels. Over time, it became synonymous with collective farms.
Agricultural artels
At its core, agricultural artels are production cooperatives. Upon their entryParticipants donated personal property for joint use. It became the public domain of a legal entity - a collective farm.
The transferred property was considered as means of production (livestock, implements, agricultural machinery, certain buildings, plantings and seeds), and land plots. They were knocked out of personal possession, united and transferred to collective farms for eternal free use, while already being state property.
In the personal possession of the peasants remained:
- Residential building.
- Small personal plot (no more than 0.5 hectares).
- One cow.
- Up to a dozen small farm animals and birds.
Each member of the agricultural artel is its co-owner. At the same time, the result of the association's activity was divided only depending on the labor contribution. The size of the land plot, the input share, the amount of other property transferred to the association was not taken into account.
The work done was evaluated not in money, but in the so-called workdays. They were summed up, forming a share of finance, which was due to the employee in the further redistribution of products and cash costs already at the end of the agricultural cycle.
But already in 1966, the form of payment in workdays and payment "in kind" were replaced in Soviet collective farms with cash rewards. The associations themselves existed until 1992. After that, they were reorganized into other forms of ownership. Therefore, it is important to understand that modern collective farms -these are not the former Soviet ones.
First mergers
Collective farms began to appear everywhere on the territory of Soviet Russia since 1918. In addition to them, state farms were also formed. What's the Difference? The latter were created on the basis of specialized farms (for example, horse breeding farms). The state acted as the owner of the land and production in state farms. Their employees were paid wages in cash, according to strict standards. They were, in fact, wage laborers. And not co-owners, as in collective farms.
The first collective farm chairmen also led associations:
- TSZ (Partnership for joint cultivation of the land). The only things that were common here were land use and labor. Livestock, inventory, buildings remained in the personal possession of the peasants. Incomes were distributed not only by labor, but also by property investment, according to the size of the share given away upon joining the collective farm.
- Agricultural artel. As we defined above, everything was common here - land, labor, agricultural property. Incomes were distributed only according to labor participation.
- Agricultural commune. It acted as a kind of unitary enterprise, where almost everything was common - from land to small implements and livestock. The distribution of resources was carried out "according to the eaters" in the family. There was no private household. Communes were arranged on the former monastic and landlord lands.
Who is this?
Let's start with a definition. The collective farm chairman is the elected head of the collectiveeconomy. At the same time, he is also the chairman of the board of the artel, judging by Soviet law.
Chairman of the collective farm is elected at the general meeting of collective farmers for two years. His most important duties are: daily management of the labor activity of the artel and brigades, as well as systematic monitoring of the implementation of the decisions of the board. All this is dictated by Art. 22 of the Charter of the agricultural artel.
To elect this or that person as the chairman of the collective farm, it is necessary that at least 2/3 of the total number of members of the artel be present at the general meeting.
Immediate responsibilities
Former chairmen of collective farms, of course, did not have any influence on the decisions of the real leader. The chairman, upon taking office, had a number of strict obligations to the members of the artel:
- Meet the board at least twice a month to discuss the current state of affairs and make responsible decisions.
- Carry out daily management of the work of the collective farm: give outfits to foremen, accept work done from them, manage the settlement accounts of the collective farm in banking organizations, endorse various expenditure documentation.
- The chairman of the collective farm (photos of the heads of collective farms are presented in the article) is responsible for the following: all the work of the collective farm as a whole, strict adherence to the Charter of agricultural artels, fulfillment of the obligations of the association to the state, the safety of public property (the onethat belongs to the collective farm), proper use of land.
Characteristics of the leader
The chairman is the legal representative of the united agricultural artel before the state and its institutions. For its work, it is strictly necessary to observe the democratic principles of collective farm management.
The main speech of the chairman of the collective farm is a report to the board, as well as the general meeting of the agricultural artel. And an important point. The general meeting of collective farmers has the right to dismiss and dismiss the chairman, who, in the opinion of the majority, does not cope with his duties.
When a citizen is elected chairman, he is included in the number of members of the collective farm. At the same time, his rights to trade union membership and benefits are preserved, which are established for agricultural specialists.
Specialist requirements
Which is he, the best collective farm chairman? First of all, an experienced, knowledgeable leader. The selection of such chairmen is an important matter both in Soviet times and today. This is especially true for those collective farms, which in fact are large mechanized farms with many branches of activity.
The head of a collective farm is a specialist with a secondary or higher education in the field of agriculture. He is definitely a practitioner. That is, he has sufficient experience in organizational and leadership activities.
Training and professional development
There was a practice of advanced training of chairmen of collective farms in the republics, regions and territories of the Soviet state. It was carried out on the basis of three-year agricultural schools and one-year courses for the training and retraining of leaders in this industry.
For the time that was spent on training, the specialist was paid a state scholarship. In addition, according to the decision of the collective farmers, from 20 to 35 workdays per month could be counted. Also, a cash supplement of 200 rubles per month was accrued for the entire period of the course.
Women in office
In our age of equality, it is not uncommon to meet women chairmen of collective farms. Let's meet some great people.
- Natalya Oleneva, chairman of the Vetluga collective farm, Sharyinsky district, Kostroma region. At the time of the election, in 2011, the girl was only 22 years old. She took the position almost immediately after graduating from the Agricultural Academy.
- Lydia Dushka, chairman of the "Rodina" collective farm in the village of Dmitrievsky, Krasnogvardeisky district, Stavropol Territory. This collective farm is distinguished by wages (34.5 thousand rubles for 2015), which is the highest in the region. In addition, this farm is one of the best livestock in Russia.
Gardener game
No need to assume that collective farms are a long forgotten past. Today they are quite popular in virtual life. An example of this is the popular online game "Gardener". Within its framework, you can create a collective farm, which here is considered a voluntary association of farmers. It is able to create a closed team with its own positions, general chat, forum, mutual help system.
Create a collective farm can be any player by paying the amount in the symbolic currency of the game - 1000 rubies. In this case, the creator automatically becomes the chairman of the association.
There are many positions within the collective farm - agronomists and machine operators, collective farmers and commodity experts, elders and deputy chairmen. The higher the position held, the higher the player in the collective farm system, respectively. Consider the most important positions here:
- Chairman. It has the right to accept new players in its association, to exclude them. Moderates closed forms and chats, changes their names, uses the "secret" features of the game, available only to him. Also responsible for the selection of leadership in the collective farm, topics on the forum. More than others, he is responsible for his character - when he is hacked, removed, the collective farm remains without leadership.
- Deputy Chairman. Has the right to accept new players, promote and demote them in positions of their choice. May have other functions provided by the chairman.
- Agronomist. Accepts people to the collective farm, and is also a moderator of a closed association forum. May perform other functions that the chairman delegates to him.
We got acquainted with the position of chairman of the collective farm. It remains relevant today- not only in the real, but also in the virtual world.
