Allyl alcohol is also called propen-2-ol-1. Refers to simple monohydric alcohols, is a clear liquid with a fairly high boiling point. It can be mixed with water and organic solvents. Used to produce glycerin, allyl ethers and so on.
Brief characteristics of alcohols
Alcohols are substances that have hydrocarbons in their composition, as well as a hydroxo group (-OH), which determines their class, one or more. The hydroxyl group is one of the most common.
Alcohols are divided into monohydric (one -OH group), polyhydric (2-3 -OH groups). They can also be divided into primary alcohols (a hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom bonded to only one hydrocarbon), secondary (hydroxyl group attached to a carbon bonded to two hydrocarbons), tertiary (with a carbon bonded to three hydrocarbons respectively).
Alcohols are used in the manufacture of other chemicals. They are used in perfumery and medicine, in industry, as solvents and lubricants.
Alcohols with no more than eleven hydrocarbons are liquid, and with a large amount they are already solids. Alcohols have a density less than unity, hence they are lighter than water. They also have a high boiling and melting point due to hydrogen bonds.
We will consider one of the representatives of this class - allyl alcohol, which is very important in industry and production.
Structural formula
As mentioned above, propen-2-ol-1 refers to simple monohydric alcohols. The structural formula of allyl alcohol is shown below.
It is also worth noting that the light of the double bond belongs to the class of unsaturated (unsaturated alcohols). It is a colorless liquid that has a characteristic alcoholic odor, boiling point 96.9 °C, MPC=2mg/m3.
Receive
In the production of allyl alcohol, one of the most used methods is the hydrolysis of allyl chloride.
The reaction is written as follows:
CH2=CH-CH2-Cl +NaOH=CH2=CH-CH2-OH
In the laboratory, allyl chloride is saponified with the addition of an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide. The reaction must take place in an autoclave with a stirrer at a temperature of at least 150 °C. In industry, 10% caustic soda is used at a certain pressure and the same temperature. Only under such conditions is it possible to create a sufficiently large yield, which is90-95%.
Obtaining allyl alcohol is possible by standard reactions of propanol dehydrogenation, propylene oxide isomerization and the interaction of glycerol and formic acid.
The synthesis of this alcohol is carried out by passing vapors of propylene oxide over a catalyst, which is lithium phosphate.
Properties
Features of the chemical properties of allyl alcohol are due to reactions characteristic of allyl compounds and alcohols. This alcohol can enter into halogenation and hydrohalogenation reactions according to Markovnikov's rule.
Allyl alcohol is characterized by standard reactions for alkenes. Hydrogenation occurs with the breaking of the double bond and saturation of the hydrocarbons. Hydration occurs in the presence of oxygen, and the result is glycerol.
Another interesting reaction is intermolecular dehydration, during which the ethers shown in the figure are formed.
Allyl alcohols are usually oxidized to aldehydes by freshly precipitated manganese hydroxide.
A when reacting with sulfuric acid (concentrated) heated to a temperature of 100 ° C, or in the presence of zinc chloride at a temperature of 20 ° C, allyl chloride is formed in the presence of copper chloride.
Allyl chloride is an organochlorine compound with the systematic name 3-chloropropene. It is actively used in industry and is of great importance in the synthesis of allyl compounds.
Allyl alcohol is characterized by polymerization when exposed to oxygen orother oxidants. As a result of polymerization, a substance such as polyallyl alcohol is formed.
Chemical reactions with allyl alcohol are used to obtain substances such as glycerol, glycidol. Acloerin is obtained by simple oxidation, and allyl esters are obtained by interaction with mineral and organic acids.
Conclusions
So, we figured out that allyl alcohol is a primary unsaturated alcohol, which is characterized by signs of both alcohols and allyl compounds. It is quite active, soluble in organic matter and miscible with water in certain proportions. It is used in industry and laboratory, and has a characteristic alcohol smell.
Allyl alcohol is highly toxic and poisonous. It can leave burns on the skin and burn the upper respiratory tract, affect the nervous system and liver. Be careful when using it in the laboratory, observe safety precautions and do not neglect your own protective equipment.
