The Russian language is incredibly rich and colorful. With its help, you can convey the most complex ideas, emotions and images. The most powerful language tools for a detailed and informative description of being, of course, are consistent and inconsistent definitions. Examples of their use are found throughout speech and writing.
Despite the fact that definitions are secondary members of a sentence, they often play a primary role, becoming carriers of the main meaning. In addition, without them, the language becomes poorer, becomes drier. Colors, sounds, smells, forms and other signs of all kinds of objects and events that so well describe agreed and inconsistent definitions leave it.
Example: "The girl ran out of the house and looked at the meadow." The sentence quite accurately conveys the event, but it clearly lacks information. Definitions transform the sentence, fill it with colorful details that help the reader to imagine the picture more fully, brighter. "A tall girl, laughing, in an embroideredflowered dress, ran out of the vine-covered house and looked at the motley, light-filled meadow.”
Terms
Definitions are words and phrases that answer the questions "whose?", "which?", "what?". They are secondary members in the sentence, reveal various signs of phenomena and objects (taste, shape, color, etc.). Definitions are expressed in several parts and syntactically always depend on the main word. When parsing, they need to be marked with a wavy line.
Distinguish between agreed and inconsistent definitions. Examples of their use will be given below. There are also special definitions - applications. They always agree with the main word and are expressed by nouns. Often definitions are highlighted in writing. Punctuation marks indicate a more significant semantic role that separate agreed and inconsistent definitions play. Let's take a closer look at them.
Agreed definitions
This type completely coincides with the defined word in case, gender, and number. The type of syntactic connection between them is agreement. Examples:
- "A beautiful doll lay on the shelf": what doll? – beautiful, both words are singular, nominative and feminine.
- "We looked at the water of the streams flowing into the pond": streams - which ones? – flowing, language units are plural, genitive.
- “He hit his legs with a steel bucket”: what kind of bucket? - steel, both words have units. number,instrumental case and Wednesday. gen.
Expressed as:
- Single and common participles: "arriving guests", "a thought that interferes with sleep."
- Ordinal or cardinal numbers: "November seventh", "I live with one dream".
- Single and common adjectives: "funny story", "native from childhood forest".
- Pronouns: "tonight", "my kitten".
Common mistake
There is a large layer of phrases in which the adjective is very closely connected in meaning with the word being defined and therefore ceases to be an agreed definition, although it corresponds to it in all respects. Therefore, in order not to be mistaken, one must be careful and delve into the meaning and context of the sentence. Examples: Black Sea, Handkerchief, Railway, Maybug, White Mushrooms.
Applications
A peculiar kind of agreed definition. The application gives the word associated with it additional meaning, describes it, pointing out its special characteristics. That is, it performs the same function as inconsistent and agreed definitions. Application examples: male postman; Chinese tourists; baby sister; Mother Volga; Dnepr River; pilot Pokryshkin; magazine "Star"; dog Bug; motor ship "Svetlov"; sweet daughter.
Inconsistent definitions
The given definition does not agree with the case, as well as the gender or number with the word being defined. Between words inIn this case, two types of connection can be established: syntactic adjacency or control. When the form of the main word is changed, the definition remains the same.
Examples of sentences with inconsistent definitions:
- "I'll give her a bigger bouquet": which bouquet? - more, connection - syntactic adjacency.
- "Father's coat fell to the floor": which coat? - father, connection - management.
Such definitions are expressed as:
- Noun: "the work plan has changed."
- Pronouns: "her story wowed the audience."
- Adverbs: "Mom made American scrambled eggs."
- A comparative adjective: "the guide chose the easier route."
- Phraseologism and a syntactically closely related combination of words: “not of this world, she really liked him anyway”, “the mahogany table inspired respect and awe.”
- Infinitive: "he had the art of listening."
Semantic functions of definitions
Agreed and inconsistent definitions help to formulate and accurately describe the following characteristics of the object (main word):
- Quality, Quantity, Evaluation: "Blue Sky", "Beautiful Flower", "Heavy Burden", "Delicious Lunch", "Deep Pool", "Warm Day", "Large Spectators", "Large Crowd".
- Action or process: "running man", "pensive girl", "prolonged standing ovation".
- Time: "morning exercise", "April drops", "New Year's bustle".
- Place: "forest fire", "club vibe","city dweller".
- Affiliation: "father care", "brotherly love", "football fans".
Table: agreed and inconsistent definitions
Tabular presentation of data allows you to structure information concisely and clearly. In this form, even complex material is perceived easier. Tables become a handy tool when doing school tests and exercises. Agreed and inconsistent definitions are depicted in them clearly and in order. They are easier to remember and repeat if necessary.
Fixing material
However, the table is just an aid to learning. Thoughtless memorization of reference definitions will also help a little. Consistent and inconsistent definitions must be recognized consciously, be able to work with them, confidently determine their type. The best thing to do is practice. Fortunately, any book can serve as a teaching material, classical literature is especially rich in all sorts of definitions.
Such practical work will effectively develop and consolidate the acquired knowledge and subsequently help you easily pass any school test. Agreed and inconsistent definitions are quite easy to distinguish from each other. It is enough to follow the following algorithm:
The first stage. Find in the sentence the main word with which the definition is associated, asking a question from it.
Exercise: “Red puppy frolicked in the grass”: puppy - which one? - ginger. The word red is the answer tothe question "what?" is therefore an agreed or inconsistent definition. The exercise may include more complex constructs with multiple definitions. Each of them is analyzed separately according to the same algorithm.
Second stage. Determine the type of speech to which the definition refers, and whether it matches the main case, as well as number and gender. At this stage, at first it is convenient to use the table of agreed and inconsistent definitions to fill your hand. If the word forms match, then the definition is consistent, if at least one does not match, then it is inconsistent.
“A red puppy frolicked in the grass”: the word being defined is “puppy” (singular, im. case, masculine), the dependent word is “red” (singular, im. case, masculine). genus). Conclusion: This is the agreed definition.
More difficult exercise
"Through the misted window of the bus one could see an ancient castle with a tower-rook."
First stage:
- "Window" - which one? - "fogged" - single sacrament.
- "Window" - whose? – “bus” is a noun.
- "Castle" - what? – “antique” is an adjective.
- "Tower" - which one? – "rook" - application.
Second stage:
- Windows (singular, accusative, neuter) - misted (singular, accusative, neuter). Word forms matched, conclusion: agreed definition.
- Okna (singular, accusative, neuter) - bus (singular, genitive, masculine). Forms did not match, output: inconsistent definition.
- Castle (singular, nominative case, masculine) - ancient (singular)number, name fall, husband. genus). Word forms matched, conclusion: agreed definition.
- Tower (singular, nominative case, feminine) - rook (singular, nominative, feminine). Conclusion: an agreed definition as an application.
