In poetry, various stylistic and rhetorical figures (epithets, tropes, metaphors, allegories, etc.) are used to enhance the impact. One of them in speech is the anaphora - this is monotony. What it is, you can find out by reading this article.
Anaphora: what is it? Examples of using this figure of speech
What is this stylistic figure for? Anaphora is a certain word or sounds repeated at the beginning of a verse, several stanzas or half lines. They are needed to fasten speech segments and give the whole poem expressiveness and brightness. This term is derived from the ancient Greek word ἀναφορά, which means "carrying out". For example, in Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin's poem "Autumn" you can find the anaphora "Uzh", which is repeated at the beginning of the first two stanzas. It enhances the sensations of the signs of the approaching autumn. After reading the poem with the anaphora "already" there is a dreary feeling from the approach of a damp and cold pore.
Examples of anaphoras
Like all other repetitions, thesestylistic figures, regardless of their location, bring a certain zest to the poem, greater expressiveness, as if directing attention to a particular word or thought. The same applies to other stylistic and rhetorical figures, but, unlike, for example, epithets or tropes, anaphora is a figure of speech that has its own strict location - the initial position. Similar techniques exist in music. Here is another example of an anaphora that can be found in Vysotsky:
In order not to fall into a trap, To avoid getting lost in the dark…
…Draw a plan on the map.
In this case, the word "to" seems to list all the hardships that can be encountered if you do not draw a plan.
Varieties of Anaphora
This stylistic figure has several varieties, namely:
1. Sound anaphora is repeated combinations of the same sounds. For example, in a poem by A. S. Pushkin, at the beginning of the lines, not a word is repeated, but only its first three letters: "Bridges blown down by a thunderstorm, coffins from a washed-out cemetery …"
2. Morphemic. In this case, the repetition of morphemes (root) or other parts of the word is used. Here, at the beginning of the lines of Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov's poem "… A black-eyed girl, a black-maned horse!.." the root "black" is repeated. But not the whole word.
3. Lexical. In this case, whole words are repeated. Here is an example of such an anaphora: "Is it not in vain that the winds blew, was it not in vainthere was a thunderstorm." By the way, this view is the most common anaphora in literature. This can be seen from the school course on this subject. In textbooks on literature, regardless of the time of their publication, one can always find poems by Athanasius Fet, he is truly a master of using these stylistic figures.
Here is an excerpt from one of his poems: "I came to you with greetings, to tell you that the sun has risen,.. to tell you that the forest has woken up…" Here, the word "tell" is a lexical anaphora.
4. Syntactic. In addition to repeated words and combinations of sounds, anaphora is also the repetition of syntactic constructions. For example, "do I wander…, do I sit…, do I enter…".
5. Strophic. Repetition can be at the beginning of each of the stanzas, and it can be either a single word or a phrase, in most cases an exclamation. For example: "Earth!.. From snow moisture … Earth!.. She runs, runs."
6. A strophic-syntactic anaphora is a kind of stylistic figure that is similar in principle to the previous one, but here a repeating sentence is placed at the beginning of the stanza with some semantic changes, for example: "Until the machine gun craves … until the commander suffers …"
By the way, anaphora is also a literary device in which all words in a poem begin with the same sound. For example: "Radiant linen lovingly sculpts …"
Epiphora, or stylistic figure opposite to anaphora. What is this?
Unlike an anaphora, an epiphora is a repetition not at the beginning of a verse or stanza, but, on the contrary, at the end. Thanks to her, a rhyme is obtained: "Here the guests came ashore, Prince Gvidon calls them to visit …". Epiphora, like anaphora, is a stylistic figure. It gives this literary work (poem, poem, ballad) expression, brightness, sharpness. This figure of speech creates a rhyme.
Types of epiphora
Epiphora has several varieties. It can be of the following types:
1. Grammar. When the same sounds are repeated at the end of identical segments, for example, were friends - lived, etc., then we are dealing with a grammatical epiphora.
2. Lexical. In poetry, sometimes the same word can be repeated at the end of each stanza. This is the lexical epiphora. This stylistic figure can be found in A. S. Pushkin's poem "Keep me, my talisman." Here, at the end of each of the verses, the word "talisman" is repeated.
3. semantic epiphora. This type of stylistic figure differs in that it is not words and a combination of sounds that are repeated, but synonymous words.
4. Rhetorical. This stylistic device is often used in folklore, for example, in a song about geese - "… one is white, the other is gray - two merry geese." This construction, consisting of two lines, occurs at the end of each of the couplets.
Conclusion
Anaphora is monogamy. It is a stylistic figure that gives a poem or speech of individual characters (in a poem) a special semantic and linguistic expressiveness by repeating words, combinations of sounds, phrases, as well as sentences at the beginning of a line, stanza or couplet.
