The word is the basic unit of speech and is studied in various departments of linguistics. So, the sound side of the word is studied in the Phonetics section. Here the presence of vowels, consonants in the word, the number of stressed and unstressed syllables, etc. are considered. Its belonging to one or another part of speech is studied in the Morphology section. The role of the word in the sentence is considered in the Syntax section of the language. The meaning of the word, its meaning, the scope of its use, stylistic coloring, its historical origin is studied by the section Lexicology.
The lexical and grammatical meanings of words are interconnected. Therefore, when the lexical (or semantic) meaning of a word changes, its grammatical functions also change. You can learn more about what an antonym and a synonym, a paronym, their features are in a textbook on language. The same article provides brief information about these concepts.
What is an antonym and a synonym
Antonyms (from Greek anti - against + onuma - name) are words that are opposite in meaning. They are used in the language to indicate contrast:
good - evil;
beautiful - scary;
hot –cold;
ice - flame;
high - low;
polite - rude;
hate is love;
work - idleness;
war is peace;
winter - summer, etc.
The given examples contain opposite meanings of quality, state in the properties of objects and phenomena. But it cannot be said that in Russian all words have their own pair of antonyms. For example: nouns with a specific meaning - wall, table, window - do not have a pair.
Antonyms can be:
- With different roots: war - peace, slow - fast, black - white.
- Single-root: honest - dishonest, tall - short.
- With the prefixes "for-" and "from-", "for-" and "you-", having the opposite meaning: open - close, bury - dig.
Antonyms decorate speech, make it bright and expressive. Antonyms are widely used in folklore, in proverbs and sayings: "Whether far - close, high - low", in fiction: "Perhaps all the misfortunes from the field mail, he was considered dead, but he came alive." (A. Tvardovsky).
The titles of works sometimes consist of antonyms, "Domestic and Wild Animals"; "War and Peace", "Days and Nights".
Synonyms (from the Greek word synonymos - letters of the same name) - words that are close in meaning, differ in spelling and pronunciation, as well as in different shades. They are divided into ideographic (semantic) andstylistic.
Ideographic (also called semantic) synonyms
Compare: big house, huge house, huge house.
It is clear that they are talking about a big house, but with each word the shade changes. In the first word it is large, in the second it is already larger than the first, and in the third it is larger than the first and second. As you can see, they have different spellings.
Synonymous words - anxiety, excitement, anxiety - have a common close meaning: anxiety, lack of peace.
Stylistic synonyms
Such words differ in stylistic shades: finger - finger (mouth); future-coming (bookish) - coming.
The appearance of synonyms:
- The similarity of objects and phenomena, their designation with a new word. For example: news, rumor, rumor, message, news.
- From the transition of words of another language into Russian: embryo - embryo, conductor - guide.
- From obsolete words of poetic speech: finger - finger, forehead - forehead, eye - eye, shore - shore.
- From colloquial, colloquial, dialectal speech and from stable phrases: eyes - peepers, ferocious - fierce.
- From different root words: blizzard, blizzard, snowstorm.
- From terminological combinations of words: air fleet - aviation, dentist - dentist.
Several similar words of synonyms form a synonymous series.
Synonyms of the Russian language play a big role in speech. They help to convey a thought more clearly, avoid unnecessary repetitions, show different shades of words, phenomena, qualities. Wideare used in artistic, scientific and colloquial speech: "I turned such a hook, I went such a distance, I saw such torment, and I knew such sadness." (A. Tvardovsky).
Now you have an idea of what an antonym and synonym are. Let's move on to paronyms.
Paronyms (Greek para - near, ohyma - name) - words of the same root, similar in sound, but having different meanings. Just like synonyms, antonyms, paronyms enrich speech, help to express thoughts accurately and correctly. They create a lot of puns with them. For example: "Once a coppersmith, forging a basin, said to his wife, yearning: I will give the children a task, and I will disperse the longing!" A similar consonance, but a completely different meaning of the words gives a bright word game.
Paronyms may differ in suffixes: drinking - drinking, boiled - boiled. They have consonant prefixes: I went - I drove up.
Practice!
There is a picture in front of you. Let's call it "Wonders of Nature". Indeed, an amazing combination of ice, snow with the flames of the setting sun. Try using antonyms and synonyms to compose a beautiful text. Parse the sentences, see what members of the sentence they can be.
Know what an antonym and a synonym, a paronym are, the ability to use them, decorate them with emotional artistic, scientific, colloquial speech gives you ample opportunities. They are a very interesting feature of any language.
