Central Russia is a huge interdistrict complex. Traditionally, this term was used to refer to the territories gravitating towards Moscow, on which the Moscow, and later the Russian state was formed.
General help
The history of Central Russia, which is the core of our state, began with the formation of Muscovy in the XIII-XV centuries, as a result of the unification of disparate specific principalities. In the cities of this region there are many architectural, historical and literary monuments and museums. The Golden Ring is widely known throughout the country and even abroad - the ancient cities of Central Russia: Sergiev Posad, Rostov the Great and Pereslavl-Zalessky, Kostroma, Suzdal, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Bogolyubovo, Gus-Khrustalny, Gorokhovets, Kalyazin, Kideksha, Murom, Palekh and others. The Golden Ring covers such regions as Moscow, Yaroslavl, Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kostroma. The ancient cities of Central Russia are known for their extraordinary art crafts. For example, Fedoskino, Kholuy and Palekh are famous for their lacquer miniatures, Gzhel for ceramics, Zhostovo for painted trays, Abramtsevo forwood carving, Khotkovo - bone carving, pos. Mstera - lacquer miniatures and braided lace, pos. Red-on-Volga - jewelry made of copper, brass, silver, Rostov the Great - enamel (miniature painting on enamel).
Stages of development
The formation of this region was influenced by the features of historical development and economic and geographical position. The central part of Russia is located in the valleys and on the watersheds of the Dnieper, Oka, Volga and Western Dvina, it had a very advantageous position during the formation of the state. Thanks to river routes, communication was carried out with the outskirts, as well as with neighboring countries. The central region of Russia is the main center of national culture, from here the settlement of the Russian people took place in other territories.
In the early stages of development, the population made extensive use of local natural resources such as iron ore, coal, timber, limestone, sand, s alt, clay, peat and others. Ferrous metallurgy and metalworking, woodworking, s alt making, ceramic and glass, textile and leather and footwear industries were born here. During the Soviet era, three hydroelectric power plants were built in the region on the Volga, and a pumped-storage power plant was built in Sergiev Posad. In addition, in the fifties of the last century, the world's first nuclear power plant began to operate in the Kaluga region, and 20-30 years later, the central part of Russia received two more nuclear power plants - in the Tver and Smolensk regions.
Population of the region
The Central District of Russia is the territory where the core of the Russian people was formed. And today the Russian population prevails here. And only in the eastern part, in the Volga-Vyatka region, do the Chuvash, Mordovians, and Mari live. According to the 2002 census, a little over 38 million people lived in the region. Of these: Russians - 34 million (91%), Ukrainians - 756 thousand (1.99%), Tatars - 288 thousand (0.77%), Armenians - 249 thousand (0.66%), Belarusians - 186 thousand (0.49%), Azerbaijanis - 161 thousand (0.43%), and Jews - 103 thousand (0.27%). Other nationalities account for less than 0.2%.
Center of Russia's political and economic life
The main features of the modern economy of the region were influenced by the following factors: the role of its constituent areas as the main design, educational and research bases of the country; availability of highly qualified personnel; advantageous economic and geographical position; highly developed transport links; energy produced at various types of power plants; use of imported raw materials; formation of a metallurgical base and others. Today, Central Russia specializes in the production of complex products that require scientific developments and skilled labor. The main branches of specialization are mechanical engineering, metallurgy, light and chemical industries. Not the last place is occupied by scientific and technical services and science, as well as higher education, art and culture. In recent years, tourism and excursionactivities.
Characteristics of economic regions
The Central region of Russia includes the following economic regions: Volga-Vyatka, Central Black Earth and Central. Consider the economic and geographical characteristics of each of them. This will help to understand their role on a scale not only of this region, but of the whole country.
Volgo-Vyatka region
This region includes the following regions of Central Russia: Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov, as well as the republics: Chuvash, Mordovia and Mari El. Its territory is 263 thousand square kilometers. The Volga-Vyatka region is located in the European part of our country, in the basins of the Vyatka and Volga rivers. The geographical position at the intersection of railways and the main water arteries connecting the Center with the Volga region, the Urals, the North-West, creates excellent conditions for the development of the economy. The climate here is temperate continental. The whole territory is covered with forests. The main specialization of the district is mechanical engineering. In addition, the timber and chemical industries are well developed. Handicraft ancient crafts, such as Khokhloma painting, have survived and are developing to this day.
Central Chernozem region
This district includes the Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov and Kursk regions. It is characterized by a convenient transport and geographical position. Its territory is 107 thousand square kilometers. The presence of fairly large depositsiron ore and cement raw materials, as well as a significant reserve of workers, contribute to the development of various branches of both industry and agriculture. The climate here is moderately continental, the natural zones are steppe and forest-steppe, the relief is predominantly flat. Huge tracts of black soil are concentrated in this area, but most of the territories lack water resources.
The main specialization is determined by the metallurgical, chemical, engineering and food industries, as well as developed agriculture.
Central District
This district includes: Bryansk, Vladimir, Kaluga, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Moscow, Oryol, Smolensk, Tver, Ryazan, Yaroslavl and Tula regions. The economic and geographical position is central, therefore it is advantageous both in transport and in other respects. The area is the main center of culture. It is not rich in natural resources. As a result, the industry mainly works on imported raw materials. There are reserves of phosphorites, peat, brown coal, limestone, sand. The main specialization is the production of complex, intangible products that require scientific developments and skilled labor. The main industries are chemical, light, printing industry and multi-industry engineering.
Nature of the region
The nature of this region is very diverse - from dense forests to steppes. In the northeastern part of the area there are large amounts of deposits from boulders andloams. They arose during the movement of the glacier. After his retreat, the territories from the left bank of the Oka to the Moskva River turned out to be very swampy. This landscape is called the Meshcherskaya lowland. Here, pine forests flourish. On the territory of Central Russia there are several lakes: Chukhlomskoye, Nero, Pleshcheyevo and Galichskoye. Fertile lands were formed along these reservoirs, generously fertilized with silt. In addition to swampy areas, the region has unflooded uplands: Suzdal, Yuryevskaya and Muromskaya. In the north-west of this region, the Volga River originates, which is characterized by extensive floods, as a result of which a tenth of the Tver region is covered with swamps. The waters that collect in these lowlands cannot find their way out for a long time. The Bryansk region has long been famous for its dense forests. The southern part of the region is mainly represented by steppe expanses.
Conclusion
Summarizing, it can be noted that Central Russia is a huge inter-district complex, which has the conditions for the creation and development of the national economy. This region is distinguished by its favorable economic and geographical position in the center of the European part of the Russian Federation. However, at the same time, Central Russia also has serious drawbacks - this is the lack of access to the sea and a low amount of natural resources. But they are compensated by the proximity to the largest industrial region - the Volga Federal District, as well as to the region rich in resources - the European North. In addition, Central Russia is adjacent to foreign economic partners - Belarus and Ukraine.
This region is the most populated and developed in Russia. The Central District of Russia is the most highly urbanized in the country. Although it is inferior to the North-West in terms of the share of urban residents (80%), it is the first in the whole country in terms of the level of concentration of citizens in the largest cities and urban agglomerations.
