In 1933, many socially significant events took place not only in our country, but throughout the world. Traditionally, the focus was on the Soviet Union, the United States of America and Germany. Read more about the most significant moments of the year in this article.
Hitler rises to power
It was in 1933 that Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. On January 30, he was appointed Chancellor of the Reich.
Six months earlier, the Reichstag was dissolved in the country. New elections were held, in which the NSDAP won a landslide victory, receiving almost 38% of the vote. In the Reichstag, representatives of this party increased their number to 230 deputies (previously there were 143). The second in parliament were the Social Democrats, who received 133 seats.
After that, another election was held, in which the NSDAP lost about two million votes. As a result, Kurt von Schleicher became Chancellor of the Reich. But two months later, at the very beginning of 1933, the President of Germany relieved him of his post. He appointed HitlerReich Chancellor.
True, then the future Fuhrer did not receive full power. After all, only the Reichstag could still adopt laws, while Hitler's supporters did not have a majority. In addition, there was a powerful opposition to Hitler within the party itself, besides, the actual head of state at that time was the president, and the Reich Chancellor served as head of the cabinet.
However, literally in the next year and a half, Hitler eliminated all these obstacles, becoming an absolute dictator. But already in 1933, the attention of the entire world community was riveted to Germany.
Attempt on Roosevelt
It is known that the leaders of the most famous democracy in the world have been in mortal danger more than once. 1933 was no exception. An assassination attempt was made in America on President Franklin Roosevelt.
Politics was attacked by the unemployed Giuseppe Zangara. He arrived at Bayfront Park in Miami where Roosevelt and Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak were speaking. He was carrying a.32 pistol.
When the cortege arrived and the car door opened, Zangara, who was in the crowd meeting the politicians, fired at the presidential limousine, but hit Cermak in the stomach.
He was immediately grabbed by the hand of Lillian Cross, who was nearby, the criminal tried to free himself by shooting 4 more times, easily injuring four journalists. Finally, the police arrived and arrested him. Three weeks later, Cermak died of peritonitis, and Roosevelt was not injured.
Nothing about the true motives of Zangaraunknown. He is believed to have worked for mob boss Frank Nitti, who was thwarted by the mayor of Chicago. There is even a version that Cermak was the only target of the killer. According to the official version, he attempted on Roosevelt because of a mental disorder.
Already in March, Zangara was executed in the electric chair. Newspapers all over the world wrote about the USA in 1933.
Creating the Gestapo
Meanwhile in Germany, Hitler continued to consolidate his authoritarian regime. On April 26, the Gestapo was created. This is the political police of the Third Reich, which lasted until 1945.
In fact, the Gestapo was engaged in the persecution of the opposition and dissidents, anyone who was dissatisfied with Hitler's rule. It was part of the Ministry of the Interior. The Gestapo had the widest powers to carry out a punitive policy, it became one of the strongholds of the Nazi regime. After the outbreak of World War II, it operated not only in Germany, but also in the occupied territories.
The Gestapo investigated any activity that could be hostile to the existing regime, its employees had the right to send suspects to prison or a concentration camp without a court order.
The International Military Tribunal, which investigated the crimes of the Nazi regime, recognized the Gestapo as a criminal organization that perpetrated atrocities and murders in concentration camps and persecuted Jews. All members of the Gestapo who held leadership positions were declared criminals.
Chak war
Tension prevailedthat year in South America. The Chaco War broke out between Paraguay and Bolivia. The purpose of the armed conflict was the possession of the Gran Chaco region, which was believed to have large oil reserves. This was indeed confirmed, but only in 2012. This war became the bloodiest in South America in the 20th century.
One of the main battles was the battle for Boqueron, in which the air forces of both countries took part. The war actually continued until 1935.
Bolivia lost 60 thousand people dead and missing, more than 23 thousand people were captured. From Paraguay, 31.5 thousand people were killed or missing, and two and a half thousand military personnel were captured.
It is noteworthy that the conflict was finally resolved only in 2009, when the presidents of the two warring countries in Buenos Aires signed an agreement on the final settlement of the borders in the Chaco region.
Opening of the White Sea Canal
1933 in the USSR was marked by important events in the development of industry and in the transport sector of the state economy. On August 2, the White Sea-B altic Canal was solemnly opened, which connected Lake Onega with the B altic Sea.
He became one of the achievements of the first five-year plans, but he was not among the "great construction projects of communism".
Peter the Great dreamed about the appearance of this channel, but then the project was never realized. The opening of the White Sea Canal was widely covered in the press, it was presented by Soviet propagandaas the first successful experience of re-educating political enemies of the regime and repeat offenders who were involved in the construction.
The White Sea Canal was even visited by a group of artists and writers headed by Maxim Gorky.
Plane crash near Podolsk
On September 5, 1933, an ANT-7 plane crashed in Russia. He crashed near Podolsk. Eight people became victims. Among them were the leaders of civil and industrial aviation. Therefore, the tragedy received a wide public outcry. As a result, air traffic in the Soviet Union was almost completely reorganized.
In bad weather conditions, the plane took off from Moscow. Approximately 20 minutes later, while passing at low altitude, he caught the wire of an amateur radio antenna with his landing gear legs, losing speed, the plane began to fall. As a result, he crashed into a willow, and then into the ground. The aircraft was completely destroyed. All 8 people on board were killed.
It is still unknown why the pilot flew so low. Some believe that he lacked experience, others - that the plane was heavily overloaded and simply did not have time to gain altitude. The commission, which conducted the official investigation, came to the conclusion that due to the lack of equipment for blind flights, the pilot had to fly low so as not to lose sight of the ground. This led to the collision.
After the disaster, the Soviet aviation industry and civil aviation were actually decapitated. Stalin then approved a list of leaders who were forbidden to fly without speci althese are orders.
Also after this catastrophe, the USSR introduced a test of the qualifications of pilots, which began to be carried out annually. An Air Code was created, and aircraft were required to be fitted with instrument flight equipment.
Famine in the USSR
In 1932-1933 real famine reigned in the USSR. This is one of the main events of these two years. However, it was carefully hidden from the public. First of all, mass famine covered the territory of Ukraine, Kazakhstan, the North Caucasus, the Southern Urals, Western Siberia, the Volga region, as well as the region of the Central Black Earth Region.
The famine of 1933 led to a large number of victims. According to various estimates, between two and eight million people died.
According to the research of historians, in some regions, for example, in the Volga region, the famine was caused artificially due to forced Stalinist grain procurements. In addition, mass collectivization played a role.
After the dispossession of the kulaks, the villages were greatly weakened. Stocks of grain were confiscated from the so-called individual farmers. Under the threat of reprisals, the management of the collective farms was obliged to hand over almost all the grain that they managed to grow. This led to food depletion and famine.
Only in April 1933, the Soviet leadership decided to stop grain exports due to falling prices. It was caused by the Great Depression. Seed and food loans were allocated to the main grain regions of the Soviet Union, which found themselves in the most distressed situation.
Growth of powerHitler
The 1933 Emergency Powers Act further consolidated Hitler's power at the head of the Nazi state. It was accepted by the Reichstag under pressure from the NSDAP.
As a result, all civil liberties were actually abolished, the government, headed by the Reich Chancellor, received special emergency powers. It is believed that this was the final stage in the seizure of power in Germany by the National Socialists.
First terrorist attack on commercial aviation
This is how historians call the plane crash that occurred near Chesterton on October 10th. An American Boeing, flying from Newark to Auckland, crashed. It exploded on the way. There were 3 crew members and 4 passengers on board. An explosive device went off in the luggage compartment, it was equipped with a clockwork. This is the first proven terrorist attack in the history of commercial aviation.
All the people on board were killed. Criminologists came to the conclusion that the crash was due to a bomb with nitroglycerin.
Dice catfish
The invention of catfish cubes, an entertaining puzzle that consists of seven figures, stands apart in 1933. They are folded into an equilateral cube.
It was invented by Dane Piet Hein during Werner Heisenberg's lecture on quantum mechanics. Interestingly, he borrowed the name for his invention from the novel "Brave New World" by Aldous Huxley, in which the drug was called that.
