The emergence of states often occurs according to the principle "if the stars are lit, then someone needs it." Each time this process is accompanied by tangible changes in the surrounding world. Fashion, foundations, traditions change, and sometimes the structure of the language undergoes changes. The trendsetter has always been the center of the cultural and political life of the world, which had the ability to change its geographical position. Greece, Italy, France, Germany, England for many centuries passed each other "palm". The result was the assimilation of many professional terms and commonly used words in the system of the peoples of Europe and Asia, which became examples of internationalisms. However, the process has been going on for many decades.
Meaning of term
The presence of foreign or borrowed words in the native language does not bother anyone. Meanwhile, a special place among them is occupied by internationalisms. The examples allow us to conclude that such words have common semantics in a large number of languages, and also completely (or partially) coincide in meaning and often denote terms of international significance.
| Language | Russian translation | Word |
| Russian, Bulgarian | Situation | situation |
| Czech | Situation | Situace |
| English, French, German | Situation | Situation |
| Polish | Situation | Situacja |
| Italian | Situation | Situazione |
| Spanish | Situation | Situacion |
| Arabic | Independence | Iistikial |
| Turkish | Independence | Istikiâl |
| Afghan | Independence | Istikiál |
| Persian | Independence | Esteglal |
Examples of internationalism words sometimes retain sound composition from language to language, along with semantics.
| Language | Semantics and meaning in different languages | Word |
| Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian | maintained | Atom |
| Czech,Polish, English, Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Albanian | Atom | |
| German | Atom | |
| French | Atome | |
| Spanish, Italian | Atomo | |
| Finnish | Atomi | |
| Latvian | Atoms |
There are so-called pseudo-internationalisms - words that practically do not differ in pronunciation and spelling, but with different meanings. They can be called interlingual paronyms. They are quite common in all languages. This is clearly seen in a comparative analysis of Russian and English words.
| English form of the word | Russian translation | Wrong translation into Russian |
| Accurate | Accurate | Tidy |
| Actual | Actual, current | Actual |
|
Aggressive |
Energetic, enterprising | Aggressive |
| Alley | Alleyway | Alley |
| Ammunition | Ammunition | Ammunition |
| Anecdote | An interesting or instructive case from the life of famous people | Joke |
| Angina | Angina | Angina |
There are several reasons for the appearance of pseudo-internationalisms:
- random consonance;
- both words are formed from the same root, some ancient language, but have different meanings;
- after borrowing, the meaning of the word has changed due to adaptation to the language.
Historical background of internationalisms
The life and development of individual peoples do not pass by the attention of the general public. Thus, the development of the Greek school of philosophy and culture left a rich legacy of examples of internationalisms in the Russian language. The emergence of capitalism had an impact on the peoples of the whole world, introducing new words into the composition of languages that were pronounced the same way and had the same semantic and semantic load.
The passion of the Russian aristocracy for the French language also contributed to the development of the language. Many French words in modern society are not even perceived as borrowed and are an example of internationalism words in Russian.
The dominance of England in the political, economic and cultural life of Europe in the 19th - early 20th century opens the door for the flow of English words into the national languages of the world.
Geography of loanwords
The supplier of internationalisms is not onlythe dominance of individual peoples, but also the useful properties of objects and customs, or the uniqueness of phenomena that manifest themselves in certain geographical conditions. This happens in case of recognition of the uniqueness and universality of things and events for the majority of representatives of mankind. Such an example of internationalisms from history are the few words used in the modern world almost everywhere.
| Word | Meaning of the word and geographical distribution | Language |
| Mazurka | Name of the dance/common in Europe | Polish |
| Sauna | Healing tradition of northern peoples/ common in Eurasia, America | Finnish |
| Algebra, digit, algorithm | Mathematical terms/ ubiquitous | Arabic |
| Coffee | Invigorating drink/ ubiquitous | Arabic |
| Ginseng tea | Drinks with healing properties/ ubiquitous | Chinese |
| Jujutsu (jiu-jitsu) | Martial art ("the invisible art of unarmed killing")/ ubiquitous | Japanesemistake) |
| Veranda | House Extension/ Widespread | Indian |
The above list is not exhaustive, but only indicative.
Greco-Latin sources of internationalisms
Borrowed words differ not only in the degree of assimilation, preservation of semantics and semantic load, but also in origin. A large number of examples of internationalisms in the modern world have Greek and Latin roots. With a detailed analysis, you can see that borrowings relate to professional terms, exact sciences, and philosophy. Examples of internationalisms are both words and whole phraseological expressions. The Latin language, although it is called "dead", is successfully used in medicine, physics, biology and other sciences. Known forms of borrowing are:
- Greek and Latin roots of words;
- prefixes and affixes;
- whole word.
| Greek words in Russian version | Latin words in Russian version | Greek prefixes in Russian version | Latin prefixes in Russian version | Greek affixes in Russian version | Latin affixes in Russian version | Greco-Latin words in Russian version |
| Atom | Matter | Bio- | Socio | -graphics | -al | Sociology |
| Automatic | Principle | Geo- | Aqua- | -logia | -ar | TV |
| Democracy | Individual | Hydro- | ferro- | -metria | -aln | Socialism |
| Philosophy | Republic | Anthropo- | Inter- | -fil | -arn | Biathlon |
| Dialectics | Progress | Neo- | Sub- | -fob | -cheers | Futurology |
| Thesis | University | Poly- | Super | -oid | -oriya | Fluorography |
| Synthesis | Faculty | Pseudo- | Quasi- | -change | -tion | Carcinogen |
The universality of the Latin language is that when compiling new terms, you can use any of its elements.
Italy
The change in the direction of economic development towards capitalism contributed to the enrichment of European languages with examples of internationalisms in the financial sector, construction, painting and music. Italy in this case was a trendsetter.
| Internationalisms of Italian origin | Russian translation |
| Banca | Bank |
| Credito | Credit |
| Saldo | Balance |
| Facciata | Facade |
| Balcone | Balcony |
| Sonata | Sonata |
| Battaglione | Battalion |
France
The 17th-18th centuries were marked by new examples of the manifestation of internationalism in the linguistic culture of Europeans. France has become the dominant state in the field of fashion, social life, and culinary. Many Greco-Roman words became internationalisms thanks to the French revolutionary movements, such as: revolution, constitution, patriotism, proletarian and many others.
| Internationalisms of French origin | Russian translation |
| Mode | Fashion |
| Etiquette | Etiquette |
| Boudoire | Boudoir |
| Bouillon | Bouillon |
| Omelette | Omelette |
| Delicate | Delicate |
| Elegant | Elegant |
England
The public, political and economic life of Europe is generously replenished with words from the English language. It should be noted that England at one time possessed the most powerful navy and was the leader in trade relations with the whole world. Trade and diplomatic missions carried with them part of the English culture and traditions to every colony and allied countries.
| Internationalisms of English origin | Russian translation |
| Interview | interview |
| Leader | leader |
| Dumping | dumping |
| Export | export |
| Record | record |
| Comfort | comfort |
| Jeans | jeans |
Germany
Despite the controversial opinion about the presence of numerous borrowings from the German language, linguists state the opposite trend. It is in Germany that 40% of words are internationalisms, and the vast majority of them are Anglo-Americanisms. In this regard, the reference dictionary Anglizismenliste was released. It is designed to find and replace Americanisms with equivalent German words, leaving the choice up to users. The problem of the loss of the originality of the German language is relevant at the present time. Some everyday words still come from Germany.
| Internationalisms of German origin | Russian translation |
| Drell | Drill |
| Kran | Crane |
| Gefreiter | Corporal |
| Bombarder | Scorer |
| Ramin | Fireplace |
| Flpenstock | Alpenstock |
| Hantel | Dumbbell |
Conclusion
Loanwords did not appear in Russian suddenly. This is a progressive, systematic centuries-old process. The updating of words with examples of internationalisms in the Russian language was facilitated by variousextralinguistic factors (migration of peoples, change of political, economic, social system, etc.). The topic of the presence of loanwords in native speech causes debate among linguists. On the example of Germany, it can be argued that the disputes are not groundless and observance of the "golden mean" is mandatory.
