Communication between people will be ineffective if the interlocutors do not know how to manage the specific communication situation they are in. She can be very unstable. Partners must clearly and adequately respond to changes in its structure and be able not to show (or show, but correctly) their own reactions.
Let's understand the terminology
In the interpretation of the meanings of the words "communication" and "communication" there are many similarities, but there are also differences:
- Communication often occurs as a speech act on a personal level, with the transfer of not only dry information to the partner, but also an emotional attitude to the subject of conversation.
- Communication is less focused on the feelings and experiences of the participants and involves a business relationship in the process of exchanging any information.
Thus, the difference in these concepts lies in the fact that the first of them reflects the psychological aspects of human interaction, and the second refers to the technical side of mutual information.
Bas a result of communication and receiving various information from the outside through various channels, a person develops as a person, learns about the world and learns to use its benefits, to establish, in scientific terms, communication links with others in his own interests.
Scheme of the communication process
For the exchange of any information, at least two participants in this process are required: the first is the sender, the initiator of communication, the second is the recipient of information. In order for it to be correctly perceived and interpreted by the addresser, the sender must take care of its availability: take into account the age, level of education and degree of his interest in the subject, choose the right encoding method (means of communication) and transmission channel. Coding occurs with the help of letters, drawings, photos, diagrams, tables, oral speech. Many important things can be communicated, for example, by body language, facial expressions, voice intonations, special behavior, special attire.
Transmission channels: telephone, telegraph, post, mass media, personal communication.
The recipient decodes the received information and, if necessary, becomes the sender himself: selects the necessary material for the answer, encoding method, selects the means of transmission, sends it to the communication partner.
The communicative process can be short, one-sided (order of the director of the institution) and long-term, when interaction between its participants occurs many times (for example, planning the work of an enterprise). Its effectiveness depends onhow well the participants are proficient in communication technologies.
What is a "communicative situation"?
A situation is a combination, a confluence of various conditions for the existence of something. It can be favorable and unfavorable, short-term and long-term, manageable and unmanageable, changeable and stable.
Analysis of the communicative situation shows that its nature depends on conditions such as:
- who are its members,
- what relationship are they in,
- what goals are pursued,
- what are the means and ways of their communication,
- selecting its location and tone (friendly, hostile, neutral, formal).
With a change in one or more of these indicators, the whole situation of communication also changes, which leads either to the achievement of the goals set by its participants or, conversely, to misunderstanding and disagreement.
People-Centered Communication
The main communicative situations, according to A. A. Leontiev and B. Kh. Bgazhnokov, are personality-oriented and socially-oriented. The classification of types and types of communication is extensive, depending on the methodological approaches to their study.
Personally oriented communication is aimed at shaping a person (child, pupil, student, worker, patient) of their own experiences on any occasion, at the exchange of opinions, emotions, knowledge. Communication, a communicative situation is similarly built by specialists working in the field of public services.(medical, educational, cultural, social).
Taking into account personal qualities, level of upbringing, general development and knowledge, place, time of communication, the presence or absence of other persons, the level of relations with the child, the educator creates a certain communicative situation. Example: he, taking care of an individual approach to the individual, chooses the goal, means and methods, the tone of communication with the pupil. At the same time, he also takes into account his own emotional state, since such negative feelings as anger can lead to unwanted statements and actions.
Social communication
This type of communicative activity differs from personality-oriented in the following ways: it is based on socially oriented relationships that are dictated by objective rather than subjective factors.
The purpose of socially oriented communication is a direct or indirect impact on members of society with the help of accepted norms and rules. This type of interaction exists between members of the labor collective, between managers and subordinates, and can be carried out in direct contacts and indirectly through written orders, orders, notifications, reports.
Compliance with office etiquette requires the choice of verbal and non-verbal means of communication, its style, goals, duration, and consideration of the situation. The social communicative situation of relations between a subordinate and a superior, for example, excludes familiarity, which is sometimes permissible in an informal setting, but requiresbrevity and clarity of problem statement, use of professional terms.
Meetings and general meetings require compliance with the rules of speeches, their practical validity.
The leadership, which cares about social and communicative development, about the social situation in its team, finds opportunities to improve the culture of its members in the field of official and interpersonal communication.
Communication barriers ("noise")
During life, a person gets into various communicative situations or creates them himself. His speech should be clear, accessible, accurate. This is an indicator of both his own culture and respect for his communication partner.
Many misunderstandings, grievances, reticences, unresolved problems between people arise due to various interferences (“noises”) that impede the normal development of a communicative situation. These barriers are many, and they arise for various reasons:
- because of a biased, hostile, disrespectful attitude towards the interlocutor;
- due to the inability to listen or hear him, to concentrate on the essence and logic of the conversation;
- due to incompetence in the topic under discussion;
- due to the inability to clearly and competently articulate thoughts, use non-linguistic means: facial expressions, gestures, movements;
- due to the lack of a culture of speech and behavior;
- because of the inability or unwillingness to admit their mistakes and delicately respond to others;
- due to poor organization of the conversation:its place, time, duration, structure are incorrectly chosen.
Success in achieving the set goals largely depends on the positive attitude and the ability to determine the psychological state and type of the interlocutor from the first minutes, adjust to it.
Preparing for communication
The prepared communicative situation should be a combination of desirable, not random, circumstances.
- When preparing for a serious conversation with an individual or audience, you should carefully study the topic, opinions of influential people, real facts, planned business prospects.
- Selected visual material (graphics, illustrations, samples, photos, videos) stimulates interest in discussion.
- The thoughtful plan of the meeting makes it concrete and businesslike.
- Try to get reliable information about the interlocutor: range of interests, character, psychological type.
- Think of ways to activate all participants in the contact.
- Costume, demeanor should impress the partner, dispose him to communication.
- Make sure there are no distractions: calls, visits.
Any communication, personal or business, has its own goals for the participants, and therefore requires preparation, thoughtful structure and content on their part.
Efficiency of communication links
The expressions "bad relationship", "stretched relationship" refer to an unproductive relationship or lack thereof.
Not all communication ends in satisfactioninterests of all its participants: someone fully achieved their goals, someone - partially, and someone's negotiations ended completely to no avail. However, the first participant got what he wanted, but quarreled with everyone else. The second and third, being dissatisfied with the results, have maintained normal business contacts and intend to continue to maintain them. Accordingly, it was for them that communicative ties turned out to be effective, since relationships were preserved. In the future, this will allow them to join forces to solve other problems.
An important law of communication
Preparation and implementation of communication scenarios requires a lot of internal energy from each of its participants, if he wants to achieve the desired goal by all means. This is one of the laws of effective communication.
Unconditional politeness, calmness even in a provocative situation, maintaining personal dignity demonstrate inner strength and inspire respect. A participant in communication should be attentive and open, ready to compromise and firm in those issues where concessions are impossible.
Efforts require a demonstration of a benevolent attitude towards a partner, a willingness to provide the necessary and sufficient explanations, evidence of one's innocence. Understanding and taking into account the emotional state of the interlocutor, suppressing one's own negative experiences in the interests of the cause is not an easy task.
Correct speech, the ability to convince, insist and agree, manage the communication process - the result is not onlyupbringing, training and experience, but also a lot of inner work on yourself.
